EDUCATIONE: Journal of Education Research and Review
Volume 4, Issue 2, July 2026

HOUSING EXPANSION AND LANDSCAPE FRAGMENTATION: A MULTITEMPORAL LANDSCAPE-METRICS ANALYSIS

Rieneke Lusia Evani Sela (Universitas Sam Ratulangi)
Andy Anton Mangopa Malik (Universitas Sam Ratulangi)
Sonny Tilaar (Universitas Sam Ratulangi)
Dwight Viosela Aaron Mambu (Universitas Sam Ratulangi)
Erlangga Nonto (Universitas Sam Ratulangi)



Article Info

Publish Date
01 Jul 2026

Abstract

Mapanget District is a peri-urban growth area of Manado City where residential development has altered the composition and configuration of land use. This study reanalyzes a consistent 2014, 2019, and 2024 land-use series and uses landscape metrics to distinguish patch proliferation from spatial consolidation. Google Earth imagery was interpreted visually, digitized on screen, processed in ArcMap 10.8, and converted to raster for FRAGSTATS 4.2 analysis. The 2026 map is reported only as a separate descriptive snapshot because its class legend is not equivalent to the 2014-2024 classification. Between 2014 and 2024, residential land increased by 172.82 ha, while plantation and wasteland decreased by 154.80 ha and 37.42 ha, respectively. At the landscape level, Number of Patches increased from 1,152 to 1,530, Patch Density from 21.63 to 28.70 patches per 100 ha, Edge Density from 102.38 to 119.33 m/ha, and Shannon's Diversity Index from 1.22 to 1.27. Residential patches increased from 489 to 747; however, the slight decline after 2019 and the rise in residential Largest Patch Index from 1.44% to 3.29% indicate partial coalescence alongside continued outward expansion. The 2026 snapshot records 1,199.26 ha of settlement and 2,699.91 ha of plantation, but these values are not used to infer a continuous trend. The findings support compact, infrastructure-connected growth and stronger protection of remaining non-built-up land. Interpretation is limited by the absence of an independent accuracy assessment, a harmonized 2026 legend, and a class-to-class transition matrix.

Copyrights © 2026






Journal Info

Abbrev

educatione

Publisher

Subject

Education Social Sciences

Description

EDUCATIONE: Journal of Education Research and Review publishes critical, integrative reviews of research literature bearing on education. Such reviews should include conceptualizations, interpretations, and syntheses of literature and scholarly work in a field broadly relevant to education and ...