<![CDATA[Balikpapan is one of the major cities in East Kalimantan that experiences complex atmospheric dynamics due to its geographical conditions. These conditions make Balikpapan vulnerable to extreme rain events that impact the environmental, economic, and sosial sectors. Extreme rain in a region is generally influenced by global and regional atmospheric phenomena such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), as well as convergent and cyclonic wind patterns. However, studies that specifically examine the relationship between extreme rain and these atmospheric phenomena in Balikpapan remain limited, particularly those utilizing long – term data spanning 30 years, as recommended by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). This study aims to analyze the relationship between extreme rain in Balikpapan and global as well as regional atmospheric phenomena during the period 1995 – 2024. The data used include daily rainfall, sea surface temperature anomalies in the Niño 3.4 region, the Dipole Mode Index (DMI), MJO phases, and reanalysis data of divergence and relative vorticity. The results show that there were 10 extreme rain events in Balikpapan between 1995 and 2024, generally influenced by convergent wind patterns, cyclonic wind patterns, La Niña, IOD Netral conditions, and the MJO in phase 2. The percentage of convergent and cyclonic wind pattern was higher than that of La Niña, IOD Netral, and MJO in phase 2, indicating that extreme rain in Balikpapan during 1995 – 2024 was more strongly influenced by regional – scale atmospheric phenomena than by global – scale ones.]]>
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