<![CDATA[The global aquaculture industry, particularly in Indonesia, faces critical challenges due to its high dependence on fish meal as the primary protein source in feed. Price fluctuations and shortages of fish meal have created an urgent need to find sustainable and economical local alternative raw materials. This literature review aims to evaluate the potential of various local feed ingredients, such as maggots (Black Soldier Fly/BSF), rice bran, coconut meal, and tofu residue, as partial or total substitutes for fish meal in freshwater fish farming (catfish, tilapia, and pangasius), including their effects on health, immune response, and feed palatability. The method used was a systematic review of empirical studies published over the past 10 years (2014-2024) from leading scientific databases. The results of the analysis show that although the amino acid profiles of local ingredients are generally lower than those of fish meal, the application of processing technologies such as fermentation and enzyme supplementation can significantly improve nutrient digestibility. The optimal substitution rate varies among species; however, the majority of studies report that substitutions of up to 30-50% do not negatively impact the Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), and in certain cases even improve production cost efficiency by 15-20%. Key challenges include variability in ingredient quality, the presence of antinutritional factors, and palatability constraints, which can be addressed through standardization of production processes and processing technology interventions. The study's conclusions affirm that integrating local raw materials into feed formulations is a viable strategy for enhancing the economic and ecological sustainability of the national aquaculture industry.]]>
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