<![CDATA[Intensification of marine fish farming (mariculture) is often faced with the threat of bacterial infectious diseases, especially vibriosis and streptococcosis, which result in high mortality rates and significant economic losses. The conventional use of synthetic antibiotics has triggered antimicrobial resistance (AMR), residue accumulation in export commodities, and damage to marine ecosystems. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of natural ingredients as alternative antimicrobial agents in the treatment of marine fish through a systematic literature review approach. The natural ingredients studied include plant extracts (mangrove leaves Rhizophora apiculata and ketapang leaves Terminalia catappa), essential oils (cloves Syzygium aromaticum and lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus), and bioactive compounds of propolis. The results of the review indicate that mangrove and ketapang leaf extracts have strong inhibitory power in vitro against Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and are able to increase the survival rate of grouper and white snapper up to >85% in vivo. Clove and lemongrass essential oils exhibit very low Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values (50-75 µg/mL) while also functioning as natural sedatives and stress-reducing agents.]]>
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