<![CDATA[Numeracy skills are a basic skill that elementary school students must master before moving on to more complex mathematics. In reality, many third-grade elementary school students still struggle with simple arithmetic operations. This study aims to systematically examine the factors that are the main causes of numeracy difficulties in third-grade elementary school students through a literature study approach. Data sources were obtained from Google Scholar, ERIC, ResearchGate, and SINTA databases, covering publications from 2015–2025. Of the 87 sources searched, 32 were selected based on predetermined inclusion criteria. The study found four main groups of factors: (1) neurological and cognitive factors, such as dyscalculia and poor working memory; (2) pedagogical factors, in the form of teaching patterns that rely too much on rote learning and the lack of use of real-world aids; (3) psychological factors, especially anxiety about mathematics lessons; and (4) environmental factors, including a lack of parental involvement and socio-economic inequality. This study confirms that numeracy difficulties cannot be addressed from one perspective alone but require a comprehensive approach involving all parties.]]>
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