<![CDATA[Cognitive assessment is one of the essential components of the learning process aimed at measuring students' thinking abilities. In the context of 21st-century learning, cognitive assessment no longer focuses solely on the ability to remember and understand information but also emphasizes critical thinking, creativity, problem-solving, communication, and collaboration skills. This study aims to examine the concepts, characteristics, forms, and implementation of cognitive assessment in 21st-century learning through a literature review method. Data were collected from various sources, including scientific journals, books, and relevant educational policy documents. The findings indicate that cognitive assessment in the 21st century requires the use of various authentic assessment techniques capable of measuring Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). Effective implementation of cognitive assessment can improve the quality of learning and help students develop competencies needed in the era of globalization and the Industrial Revolution 4.0.]]>
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