<![CDATA[This study aims to analyze the regulation of overtime work under Government Regulation Number 35 of 2021 and the effectiveness of legal protection for workers in Batam City. This research is important because the high intensity of overtime practices in Batam’s industrial sector still results in violations of workers’ rights, including unpaid overtime wages and weak worker consent mechanisms. This study employs a normative juridical method through statutory, conceptual, and case approaches analyzed qualitatively using Soerjono Soekanto’s theory of legal effectiveness and Lawrence M. Friedman’s legal system theory. The findings reveal that overtime regulation under Government Regulation Number 35 of 2021 has been normatively comprehensive, yet its implementation remains ineffective due to weak labor supervision, unequal bargaining positions, and an industrial culture that normalizes overtime work. The study concludes that legal protection for overtime work in Batam City remains formal-procedural and has not fully ensured substantive protection for workers. The novelty of this study lies in its integrated analysis of overtime protection through the perspectives of legal effectiveness theory and legal system theory within Batam’s manufacturing-based industrial relations. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaturan kerja lembur berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 35 Tahun 2021 serta efektivitas perlindungan hukum terhadap pekerja di Kota Batam. Penelitian ini penting karena tingginya praktik kerja lembur di sektor industri Batam masih menimbulkan pelanggaran hak pekerja, seperti tidak dibayarkannya upah lembur dan lemahnya persetujuan kerja lembur. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus yang dianalisis secara kualitatif menggunakan teori efektivitas hukum Soerjono Soekanto dan teori sistem hukum Lawrence M. Friedman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan kerja lembur dalam PP 35/2021 secara normatif telah cukup komprehensif, namun implementasinya belum efektif akibat lemahnya pengawasan ketenagakerjaan, ketimpangan posisi tawar pekerja, dan budaya industrial yang menormalisasi lembur. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perlindungan hukum kerja lembur di Kota Batam masih bersifat formal-prosedural dan belum sepenuhnya memberikan perlindungan substantif bagi pekerja. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada analisis efektivitas perlindungan hukum kerja lembur melalui integrasi teori efektivitas hukum dan teori sistem hukum dalam konteks hubungan industrial kawasan manufaktur Batam. ]]>
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