<![CDATA[This study analyzes the effect of Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (SPSI) on building responses, focusing on the fundamental period, base shear, displacement, and inter-story drift. SPSI is modeled using four formulations within the Winkler framework: the Equivalent Cantilever, Equivalent Cantilever-Spring, Concentrated Spring, and Distributed Spring models. These represent variations in deep foundation stiffness. Equivalent static analyses were performed on 5-, 10-, and 15-story structures. Each model was evaluated to assess the sensitivity of the structural response to changes in soil-pile interaction characteristics. The results indicate that SPSI increases the fundamental vibration period by 0.65% to 99.74%. Meanwhile, the base shear ranges from -7.34% to 50.135% for both the X and Y directions, displacement increases by 23.55% to 216.79%, and inter-story drift increases by 0% to 148.8%. This amplification across all response parameters is more pronounced in low- to mid-rise structures. Furthermore, variations in the models yield consistent differences in response, where models with a lower stiffness distribution result in a more flexible structure and larger displacements. The model stiffness is highly influenced by the distribution of the soil modulus of elasticity or subgrade modulus. Specifically, a constant modulus distribution based on the pile diameter tends to underestimate the soil-pile stiffness.]]>
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