<![CDATA[Profitability is an important indicator in assessing banking performance because it reflects a bank's ability to manage its resources efficiently to generate sustainable earnings. This study aims to examine the effects of liquidity management, credit risk, and operational efficiency on the profitability of Conventional Commercial Banks classified as Core Capital-Based Bank Group II with total assets exceeding IDR 25 trillion in Indonesia. The study employed a quantitative method with descriptive and verificative approaches. Secondary data were collected from the annual financial statements of 17 banks during the 2022–2024 period. Data analysis was conducted using panel data regression with the assistance of Eviews software. The findings indicate that effective liquidity management through optimal loan disbursement contributes positively to bank profitability. In contrast, higher credit risk and operational inefficiency reduce the ability of banks to generate profits. The study also reveals that operational efficiency is the most dominant factor influencing banking profitability. These findings suggest that profitability is determined not only by the bank's ability to increase revenue through credit expansion but also by its capability to maintain loan quality and control operational costs effectively. The implications of this study highlight the importance of implementing an integrated strategy that combines the optimization of the intermediation function, strengthening credit risk management, and improving operational efficiency through digital transformation. Such efforts are essential to achieving sustainable financial performance and enhancing the competitiveness of the Indonesian banking industry.]]>
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