<![CDATA[Badminton instruction continues to face challenges in facilitating students’ conceptual and visual-spatial understanding of court layout and game rules. Despite the widespread application of augmented reality (AR) in sports education, most studies have concentrated on motor skill development rather than conceptual learning. Therefore, this study developed and evaluated an augmented reality (AR) learning application to facilitate students’ understanding of badminton court configurations and game regulations. The application was developed using a Research and Development (R&D) framework guided by the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) model and initially evaluated with 20 Physical Education students. The application was evaluated through expert validation, usability testing, and pretest/posttest measures of conceptual understanding. The application received validity and practicality ratings of 86.25% and 88.0%, respectively. Students’ mean scores improved from 69.20 to 83.75, with a statistically significant difference (p < .001), a large effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.85), and a moderate N-Gain (0.47). These findings suggest that AR-based learning can effectively support students’ conceptual and visual-spatial understanding of badminton court structures and game rules. This study contributes to the development of an AR-based learning application specifically designed to facilitate conceptual and visual-spatial learning in badminton education, while extending the pedagogical application of augmented reality beyond motor skill instruction toward concept-oriented learning. Nevertheless, the limited sample and lack of a control group may restrict the generalizability of the findings.]]>
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