<![CDATA[This study aims to analyze the technical, socio-economic, and institutional conditions of farmers in implementing an Integrated Farming System (IFS) on suboptimal land in Minahasa Regency and evaluate the effects of crop–beef cattle integration on farm productivity, farming efficiency, and farmers’ welfare. The study employed a survey of 180 farming households across nine districts in Minahasa Regency. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, simple and multiple linear regression, and DEA. The results indicate that technical conditions (? = 0.412; p 0.001), socio-economic conditions (? = 0.287; p 0.001), and institutional conditions (? = 0.356; p 0.001) positively influence IFS implementation, with the model explaining 59.3% of the variation (R² = 0.593). Crop–beef cattle integration significantly improves farm productivity (? = 0.618; p 0.001; R² = 0.582) and farming efficiency (? = 0.541; p 0.001; R² = 0.511). DEA results indicate that 33.9% of farmers were technically efficient, 45.6% moderately efficient, and 20.6% inefficient. Furthermore, farm productivity (? = 0.441; p 0.001) and farming efficiency (? = 0.376; p 0.001) significantly improve farmers’ welfare, with the model explaining 64.7% of the variation (R² = 0.647). These findings highlight the importance of strengthening farmers’ technical capacity, institutional support, agricultural extension, access to financing, and crop–livestock integration to improve productivity, efficiency, and sustainable beef cattle agribusiness on suboptimal land.]]>
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