<![CDATA[Crude Palm Oil (CPO) quality, which is vital for downstream industries, is affected by multiple supply chain factors. This study investigated these factors and industrial needs in North Sumatra and Riau, Indonesia's key provinces for CPO production. Methods included supply chain investigations Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) production, Palm Oil Mill (PMO) processing, and CPO transport/storage, a refinery case study, and a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with downstream industries. FFB handling practices, including loose fruit diversions, impacted mill intake quality. PMO processing significantly altered Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Moisture and Impurities (M&I), and Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI). Substantial DOBI degradation and FFA increases occurred during CPO transportation and storage at the refinery due to oxidation and hydrolysis. Downstream, the refining and oleochemical sectors require high CPO quality (e.g., high DOBI and low FFA), whereas the biodiesel sector is more flexible. PMO operational alignment with advanced quality metrics like DOBI was limited. This study concludes that CPO quality is vulnerable throughout its supply chain, particularly post-milling. The findings necessitate an integrated approach that includes improved FFB handling, optimized PMO processing, and enhanced logistics to minimize degradation and align production quality with the specific demands of each downstream sector. Such an approach is crucial for improving the overall efficiency and competitiveness of the Indonesian palm oil industry.]]>
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