<![CDATA[The development of smart cities in Indonesia has become an important policy response to rapid urbanization, increasing demands for public services, and the need for sustainable urban development. However, the implementation of smart-city policies continues to face challenges related to institutional capacity, digital infrastructure, citizen participation, spatial planning, and the preservation of local cultural identity. This study aims to examine the challenges and strategies of smart-city development within the framework of urban development policy in Indonesia. The study employed a narrative thematic literature review, synthesizing 17 sources consisting of national policy documents, conference papers, international journal articles, and conceptual literature. Data were analyzed through source identification, data extraction, thematic categorization, and narrative synthesis. The findings indicate that smart-city development in Indonesia extends beyond information and communication technology and requires the integration of four key dimensions: national spatial and urban policy, institutional capacity and leadership, meaningful citizen participation, and inclusive physical and digital infrastructure. The review also identifies persistent gaps in cross-sectoral coordination, data interoperability, digital inclusion, and collaborative decision-making. Evidence from several Indonesian cities demonstrates that smart-city initiatives are more sustainable when digital innovation is integrated with local cultural identity, environmental considerations, and community participation. The study concludes that Indonesia requires a context-sensitive governance approach that transforms fragmented technology-based initiatives into integrated, participatory, inclusive, and sustainable urban development.]]>
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