<![CDATA[The underhand serve is a foundational skill in volleyball, yet secondary school students frequently experience technical difficulties in regulating arm swing, body alignment, and force delivery due to traditional, repetitive drill-based instruction. This study evaluated the efficacy of modified tug-of-war training as an innovative pedagogical tool to enhance volleyball underhand serve proficiency in secondary physical education. Employing a two-cycle action research design, an intervention was conducted with 80 tenth-grade students (M_"age" =15.4 years) at a public secondary school in Indonesia. The intervention integrated a modified tug-of-war activity designed to provide kinesthetically active resistance, facilitating proper body positioning and momentum transfer. Data were gathered through standardized psychomotor performance rubrics, cognitive assessments, and affective engagement observations, with success evaluated against a predetermined mastery threshold (score ≥80). Baseline data revealed a 0% initial mastery rate. Following the intervention, classical mastery increased significantly to 28.75% (M=75.93) in Cycle I and reached 98.75% (M=90.72) in Cycle II, accompanied by notable improvements in cognitive understanding and affective participation. These findings demonstrate that utilizing modified tug-of-war activities as a task-based pedagogical tool effectively bridges the gap between mechanical force application and skill execution. This approach provides physical education teachers with a scalable, game-based alternative to conventional drills for motor skill acquisition in team sports.]]>
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