<![CDATA[Purpose: This study aims to develop Total Physical Response (TPR)-based Arabic instructional materials to improve elementary students’ speaking skills and examine their validity and effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach: This Research and Development study applied the 4D model involving Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate stages. Twenty-one students participated, and data were collected through observation, interviews, documentation, questionnaires, and pre-test and post-test assessments. Product validity was evaluated by subject matter and media experts, while effectiveness was measured using the N-Gain formula. Findings: The instructional materials achieved a highly valid score of 3.67 and improved speaking achievement, with mean scores increasing from 67.14 to 81.48 and an N-Gain of 0.41. Research limitations/implications: The study involved one institution and a limited sample. Practical implications: The textbook provides an engaging resource for Arabic speaking instruction. Originality/value: This study develops and validates a systematic TPR-based Arabic textbook for young learners.]]>
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