Majalah Obat Tradisional
Vol 31, No 2 (2026)

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Combinated of Green Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and Kelulut Honey Design

Liza Pratiwi (Pharmaceutical Technology Departement, Pharmacy Department, Medical Faculty, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat)
Any Guntarti (Department of Chemistry Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta)



Article Info

Publish Date
31 Aug 2026

Abstract

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) have great potential as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Bioactive compounds in Coffea arabica L. include chlorogenic acid and its derivatives, caffeine, theophylline and theobromine, cafestol, kahweol, tocopherol and trigonelline. The contents of Heterotrigona itama are flavonoids, phenolic acids, proteins, amino acids, ascorbic acid, hydroxy methyl furfuraldehyde (HMF), and enzymes. This research aimed to formulate coffee and honey extracts using a targeted delivery system for topical use on the skin. The research method begins with the extraction process using ethanol solvent's maceration method. NLCs formulate by design expert for lipid, surfactant, and cosurfactant variation were evaluated for transmittance, pH, entrapment efficiency, particle size, transmission electron microscope (TEM), stability, and in vitro activity with DPPH. Based on the evaluation, the optimal NLCs obtained combined (glyceryl monostearate: tocopherol oil): tween 20: (PEG 400: propylenglikol) with a 4.27:24.02:13.71 composition ratio. The optimal NLCs green coffee and kelulut honey extract formulation for transmittance value was 96.98% ± 0.67, pH was 5.26 ± 0.19, and entrapment efficiency was 99.99 % ± 0,00,  particle size was 225 nm ± 0.39, and TEM provided details. Evaluation for antioxidant in vitro, IC50 NLCs optimal formula 72,12 ± 1,24; extract without NLCs 72.59 ± 0.79; and NLCs of base without extract 379.17 ± 2.05. The stability evaluation shows NLCs green coffee and honey extract stable in real-time stability and freeze-thaw cycle. NLCs green coffee and honey extract that was formulated by Design-Expert software has physical characteristics according to requirements, stable, and had antioxidant activity.

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Journal Info

Abbrev

TradMedJ

Publisher

Subject

Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

Description

raditional Medicine Journal (Majalah Obat Tradisional), or Trad. Med. J. (ISSN 1410-5918 (print) and ISSN 2406-9086 (online)), is an international scientific journal published by Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, three times annually. Collaborating with Indonesian Pharmacist Association, ...