<![CDATA[The agricultural sector plays an important role in Indonesia’s economy; however, its production activities also contribute to carbon emissions through the use of energy, synthetic fertilizers, and natural resource-based inputs. This study aims to analyze the effects of economic growth, inflation, and exchange rates on agricultural carbon emissions in Indonesia and to examine whether economic growth has achieved decoupling from environmental pressure. The novelty of this study lies in its focus on analyzing the macroeconomic determinants of agricultural carbon emissions in Indonesia using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, which remains limited in previous literature. Using annual data for the period 1990–2024, the results indicate the existence of a long-run relationship among the variables. Economic growth and exchange rates have a positive and significant effect on carbon emissions, while inflation is statistically insignificant. These findings suggest that Indonesia’s economic growth still follows a resource-intensive development pattern, highlighting the need for low-carbon agricultural transformation through green technologies and improved efficiency in production inputs. Keywords: agricultural carbon emissions; economic growth; inflation; exchange rate; ARDL]]>
Copyrights © 2026
