Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia
Vol. 23 No. 1 (2026)

Shallot Leaf Extract-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier as a Preliminary Platform for STMN1-Targeted Screening and Macrophage Phagocytic Activity Enhancement

Amna Falistina (Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia)
Bilqis Alfisyahani (Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia)
Yuda Faturohman (Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia)
Adyatma Riyandino (Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia)
Anantazea Deniss Kumara (Pharmacy Studi Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia)
Talitha Widianingrum (Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia)



Article Info

Publish Date
30 Jun 2026

Abstract

Cancer metastasis remains a major therapeutic challenge involving molecular dysregulation and tumor–microenvironment interactions. Stathmin 1 (STMN1), a microtubule-destabilizing regulator related to cell motility and tumor aggressiveness, is relevant for preliminary anti-metastasis-oriented screening. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) may improve the dispersion and delivery performance of natural-product extracts. This study formulated shallot leaf (Allium cepa L.) extract into an NLC dispersion using emulsification–ultrasonication under homogenized and non-homogenized conditions, followed by PSA/DLS and SEM characterization. Phytochemical candidates curated from databases and literature were docked to STMN1 to identify ligands with favorable predicted binding profiles. Macrophage phagocytic function was evaluated using a latex-bead assay at 0, 5, and 10 µL. PSA/DLS and SEM indicated particulate structures, but particle-size variation and aggregation suggested the need for further formulation optimization and stability evaluation. Docking ranked sinapic acid (−7.5 kcal/mol) and ferulic acid (−7.4 kcal/mol) as the best phenolic candidates among the tested ligands, although the GDP control showed stronger predicted affinity. Phagocytic capacity increased from 33.5% (0 µL) to 37% (5 µL) and 91% (10 µL), while the phagocytic index increased from 0.63 to 0.77 and 4.50, respectively. The 10 µL dose was the most responsive condition for enhancing macrophage phagocytic activity. These findings should be interpreted as preliminary evidence of STMN1-oriented in silico prioritization and macrophage functional enhancement, not direct proof of anti-metastatic activity or M2 macrophage inhibition.

Copyrights © 2026






Journal Info

Abbrev

pharmacon

Publisher

Subject

Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology

Description

Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia is a collection of publication journals, covering all aspects of Pharmaceutical sciences, including Technology of Formulations, Excipients Optimization, Extract and Herbal Standardizations, Pharmacological activity determination on natural sources, Drug Synthesize ...