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Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
ISSN : 14114283     EISSN : 26855062     DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia is a collection of publication journals, covering all aspects of Pharmaceutical sciences, including Technology of Formulations, Excipients Optimization, Extract and Herbal Standardizations, Pharmacological activity determination on natural sources, Drug Synthesize and Development, Molecular Biology, Antibiotic Screening, Metabolite Profiling and Quantification, Clinical Pharmacy, Health and Environmental issues, published by Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. We look forward to working with pharmaceutical community of researchers as we are intended to serve as a major resource for pharmaceutical information
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 38 Documents
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Stimulant Activity of White Pepper (Piperis albi Fructus) Ethanol Extract In Vivo Khaerunnisa, Arini; Jayantie, Dhyneu Dwi; Sutihat, Sutihat; Hida, Nurul; Suryani, Nani
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 21 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v21i1.2411

Abstract

Caffeine is a stimulant substances that can stimulate the central nervous system (CNS) increasing concentration, and reducing drowsiness. The use of caffeine generally comes from coffee plants which can increase gastrin secretion. Long-term use of caffeine can cause side effects such as feelings of anxiety, irritability, insomnia and faster heart rate. An alternative stimulant that has limited side effects is needed. White pepper (Piperis albi fructus) is potential as stimulant. The extract of White pepper contained piperine compound. Piperine can potentially be a stimulant because it can stimulate the formation of energy in the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the in vivo stimulant activity of ethanol extract White pepper in male white mice. The method used in this research is Natatory exhaustion. 25 test animals were divided into 5 groups. The doses used are white pepper extract 0.32; 0.65 and 1.3 mg/20 g BW, caffeine 0.26 mg/20 g BW and 0.5% CMC-Na. Data analysis with SPSS 16 with the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Withney test. The results of the stimulant activity test of white pepper ethanol extract at a dose of 0.32; 0.65 and 1.3 mg/20 g BW for male white mice with the DDY strain with an average % increase in stamina of 63.92; 120.81 and 179.31%,mean while in the positive control of caffeine by 232.55% and the negative control of CMC-Na by 21.10%. White pepper ethanol extract dose of 1.3 mg/20 g BW has stimulant activity which is not significantly different from caffeine positive control.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity Test fo Ethanol Extract of Kluwih Leaves (Artocarpus camansi Blanco) on Male Wistar White Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Nofiyanti, Laela Suci; Sunarti; Samodra, Galih
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 21 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v21i1.2920

Abstract

Inflammation occurs when the body reacts to infection, irritation, or other damage. Some compounds in kluwih leaves are believed to have anti-inflammatory potential, one of which is flavonoids. The aim of this study was to find out the activity and effective dosage of the ethanol extract from kluwih leaves as an anti-inflammatory in male white Wistar rats. The experimental animals were divided into five groups: the negative control group (0.5% Na-CMC), the positive control group (Na-diclofenac), and the three treatment groups were given ethanol extract from kluwih leaves at doses of 175, 350, and 700 mg/KgBW orally. After 30 minutes, the soles of the rats' feet were induced with 0.1 ml of 1% carrageenan subplantarly. Edema volume was assessed every 1 hour for 6 hours using a plethysmometer. The data was statistically analyzed using One-Way ANOVA with LSD post hoc test. The research data shows that the ethanol extract of kluwih leaves at doses 175, 350, and 700 mg/KgBW has anti-inflammatory activity. The effective dose of kluwih leaf ethanol extract was 700 mg/KgBW (28.68%) with the second highest percentage of anti-inflammatory power value after the positive control group (31.75%). The LSD (Least Significant Difference) results indicate that the ethanol extract of kluwih leaf at a dose of 700 mg/KgBW does not show a significant difference in its anti-inflammatory effect with the positive control (0.442>0.05).
Formulation And Evaluation Of Black Glutinous Rice Clay Mask (Oryza sativa L. Var Glutinosa) Using Bentonite And Kaolin Variations Fiskia, Ermalyanti; Nur, Amran; Cindhany Darmaria Faridha Utami Mala
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 21 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v21i1.3064

Abstract

Black glutinous rice is a staple cuisine consumed frequently by Indonesians. Black glutinous rice's high anthocyanin content can stimulate collagen production. This study seeks to determine the effects of the kaolin and bentonite combination on different concentrations as a clay mask and obtain the optimal composition formula. Optimizing the clay mask formula using the factorial design procedure. The evaluation of a formula includes organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, irritation, and drying time tests. The research findings indicated that all preparations satisfied the evaluation criteria before the pH test. The results showed that kaolin can elevate the pH level, while bentonite can lower the pH. Preparations F1 and F2 satisfy the requirements, whereas F3 fails to fulfil the standards following the pH test. F1 (5 % bentonite and 15 % kaolin) and F2 (3 % bentonite and 25 % kaolin) were optimal clay mask formulas for black glutinous rice.
Effect of Different Solvents on Toxicity and Secondary Metabolites of Mangkokan Leaves (Polyscias scutellaria (Burm.f.) Fosberg) by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) Method Syam, Akhirul Kahfi; Sabilia, Syahra Asfi; Riyanti, Soraya
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 21 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v21i1.3185

Abstract

Mangkokan (Polyscias scutellaria (Burm.f.) Fosberg) is one of the plants belonging to the Araliaceae family. Empirically, mangkokan plants, especially the leaves, are used by the community as traditionalmedicine. Mangkokan leaves need to be developed into a source of natural materials such as biopesticides, biolarvicide, and anticancer agents because they have toxic compounds. Secondary metabolite compounds of mangkokan leaves consist of flavonoids, saponins, monoterpenes-sesquiterpenes, and steroids. This study aims to determine the toxicity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of mangkokan leaves using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Mangkokan leaves were extracted by graded maceration method using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 96% ethanol solvents. All three extracts were tested BSLT on Artemia salina larva test animals. The toxicity level is expressed by the LC50 value obtained from the probit analysis. The LC50 value of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts was 146.724 μg/mL, respectively; 66.029 μg/mL; and 92.007 μg/mL. The results showed that all three extracts were toxic.
Nanoemulsion Formulation Combination of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) and Candlenut Oil (Alleurites mollucanus) for Hair Growth in Male White Rats (Rattus novergicus) Lasanudin, Rindi Ibrahim; Bachri, Mochamad Saiful; Wahyuningsih, Iis; Efiana, Nur Ari
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 21 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v21i1.4348

Abstract

Having healthy and thick hair is the dream of many people, but some people have problems related to their hair. Hair problems that often occur are hair loss, thin hair or baldness, so to overcome these problems hair growth products have been made. Virgin Coconut Oil VCO and candlenut oil can be used as natural ingredients that can grow hair. The aim of this research was to determine the best nanoemulsion formulation for a combination of candlenut oil and VCO; and to determine the difference between applying nanoemulsion, conventional candlenut oil, conventional VCO and the oil emulsion on hair growth in male rats. This nanoemulsion formulation uses a combination of candlenut oil and VCO in a ratio of 1:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The nanoemulsion obtained was subjected to organoleptic, pH, viscosity, flow type and % transmittance. The best formulation was then tested for droplet size and zeta potential as well as hair growth activity tests using male rats. It was found that the best nanoemulsion formula was a nanoemulsion with a combination of 1:3 with a yellow color, a distinctive odor and clear with a droplet size of 14.42 ± 0.03 nm, a zeta value of -27.8 ± 1.02 mV, the length of the hair produced in the test hair growth activity was 17.14 ± 0.42 mm and hair weight was 699.37 ± 7.91 mg.
Cost Consequence Analysis of Antidiabetic Therapy in Covid-19 Hospitalized Patients with Diabetes Mellitus at Panembahan Senopati Hospital Yogyakarta Fatimah, Fitri Andriani; ST. Mualifah; Hidayati, Listiana; Nilansari, Anis Febri
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 21 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v21i1.4509

Abstract

One of the significant respiratory infections is Covid-19, and its occurrence in Indonesia varies due to the diverse geographical positions across the region. Therefore, demographic groups consisting of individuals of a certain age and those with certain medical conditions remain at the highest risk of contracting Covid-19. The severity of Covid-19 patients are greatly influenced by underlying health conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, age, and obesity. In particular, diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of severe illness and mortality among Covid-19 patients, potentially impacting healthcare expenditure, especially pharmaceutical costs. Therefore, this study aims to describe the financing of medication therapy, the outcomes of antidiabetic therapy, and the average direct medication costs inpatients with Covid-19 at Panembahan Senopati Hospital. Using a non-experimental descriptive-analytic approach, this study retrospectively collected data from medical records from 2020 to 2021. The results showed: 1) a description of diabetes mellitus treatment therapy with Covid- 19, namely the most common single therapy is the use of insulin, namely Novorapid and Novomix, a combination therapy of 2 drugs, namely Metformin + Novorapid, while a combination therapy of 3 drugs, namely Metformin + Novorapid + Glibenclamide 2) the achievement of therapeutic outcomes in diabetic patients with Covid-19 who received therapy as many as 77.27% of patients reached the target and 22.73% of patients had not reached the target glucose level 3) the average direct treatment cost of hospitalized diabetes mellitus patients with Covid-19 was IDR. 5,234,858 per patient based on the hospital's perspective.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Self-Medication Among the Population of Balikpapan During COVID – 19 Pandemic Karuniawati, Hidayah; Tsaniya, Naura Azka; Ismail, Wan Ismahanisa
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 21 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v21i1.4709

Abstract

Over the past three years, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant changes in people's lives. One of the significant changes was the increase in self-medication activities. This study aims to provide an overview of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Balikpapan's population in self-medication during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 385 respondents were obtained from October 2022 until January 2023. The average value of respondents’s self-medication knowledge was 64.39% ± 21.37, with 28.6% included in the category of having good knowledge, while 37.9% and 33,55% of respondents had moderate and poor knowledge, respectively. The average self-medication attitude score was 74.60% ± 8.69, with most respondents having a neutral attitude towards self-medication (69.6%). In comparison, 38.1% of respondents had a positive attitude, and 2.3% had a negative attitude. The most common symptoms reported for self-medication included flu (22.12%), fever (20.92%), and cough (20.84%). The drugs most used by respondents in self-medication were paracetamol (29.09%), antacids (11.42%), mefenamic acid (4.17%), and cough syrup (3.95%). Inappropriate self-medication practices found that 13.54% of drugs used and 9.23% kept were prescription-only drugs, including antibiotics. Of 48.05% of respondents inappropriately disposed of expired drugs.
Antibacterial Activity Test of Gel Toothpaste from Cinnamon Leaf Essential Oil ( Cinnamomum burmanni Blume.) Against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Putri, Chintya Dwiyunia; Elisma, Elisma; Maharini, Indri
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 21 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v21i1.4821

Abstract

Cinnamon leaf essential oil can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria because it contains cinnamaldehyde and eugenol compounds, which function as antibacterials. Staphylococcus aureus is a bacteria involved in various infections in the mouth and human body. This research aims to formulate cinnamon leaf essential oil into a gel toothpaste preparation by differentiating the concentration of cinnamon leaf essential oil as an active ingredient and testing its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The concentration of active ingredients in formula I is 0.5%, in formula II, 1%, and in formula III, 1.5%. Evaluation of the physical properties of gel toothpaste preparations includes organoleptic, homogeneity, spreadability, pH, viscosity, foam ability, stickiness, and antibacterial activity test against S. aureus using the well diffusion method. The results of the organoleptic and homogeneity evaluations were analyzed descriptively. In contrast, the spreadability, pH, viscosity, foam height, adhesion, stability, and antibacterial activity tests were analyzedstatistically using One-way ANOVA. Organoleptic test results showed yellowish white (FI), light yellow (FII), and yellow (FIII); all three formulas had a characteristic smell of essential oils and were semisolidand homogeneous. The spreadability test results ranged from 5-5.90 cm, pH value from 5.05-5.47, viscosity value from 31,980-43,900 Cp, foam ability from 9-14 mm and adhesion value from 05.84-08.83 seconds. The antibacterial activity test results for formulas I and II formed an inhibition zone in the strong category, while formula III formed an inhibition zone in the powerful category.
Identification of Potentially Inappropriate Medication in Geriatric Patients at Wangaya Hospital, Denpasar City with Beers Criteria and Stopp Criteria in 2023 Putri, Made Shinta Sanma; Prasetya, Anak Agung Ngurah Putra Riana; Kurnianta, Putu Dian Marani
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 21 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v21i1.5251

Abstract

Geriatric (elderly) patients generally require a number of drugs (polypharmacy) to cure health-related conditions that tend to occur Potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM). Identification of PIM is very important to prevent Drug Related Problems (DRP).  The purpose of the study was to identify the incidence of PIM using the Beers Criteria and STOPP Criteria and analyze the relationship between PIM risk factors and the incidence of PIM in geriatric patients at Wangaya Hospital, Denpasar City. This type of research is retrospective observational in a cross-sectional manner using simple random sampling techniques on all geriatric patients for the period 2023. Samples that met the inclusion criteria, namely geriatric patients aged ≥65 years in outpatient and inpatient facilities with geriatric patients who died and who were referred to other hospitals, were excluded from this study. Of the 354 samples, the prevalence of PIM in outpatient care was (4.23%) with the most common drugs being spironolactone (55.84%), Sulfonylureas (19.48%), and NSAIDs (6.49%) with Beers criteria. In hospitalization, (0.84%) with NSAIDs (25%), corticosteroids (25%), clopidogrel (25%), and antipsychotics (25%) with STOPP criteria. Based on the evaluation results, there was a very weak correlation between the number of drugs (p=0.000; r=0.199) and there was no relationship between the number of diagnoses (p=0.674) prescribed and the incidence of PIM. Based on this, it can be concluded that the greater the number of drugs can increase the risk of PIM.
Review on Pre-clinical Antimicrobial Assay Febrimarsa, Febrimarsa
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 21 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v21i1.5374

Abstract

Pre-clinical antimicrobial testing is one costly step in antimicrobial drugs development. Costly effective methods in performing the in vitro and in vivo assay as part of pre-clinical stage is critical. We reviewed the current development of this stage. We found that standardization of agar diffusion techniques and measurement of minimal inhibitory concentrations in broth dilution methods serve as the primary reference for in vitro antimicrobial testing. In vivo, moral issues, ethics, costs, and the correlation of using animal models with human physiological conditions enforce us to seek alternative systems or animal models. Organ-on-a-Chip (OC) emerges as an ethically sound alternative system, yet in terms of cost and simulation of physiological conditions, there is still much progress to be made. Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and waxmoth (Galleria mellonella) are currently the main alternative animal models that are more affordable, simple, and ethically sound compared to worms, silkworms, mice, and primates. Artemia spp. and Hydractinia spp. have the potential to become new alternative animal models in simulating microbial infections and the efficacies of the antimicrobial that fight against it in the future.

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