<![CDATA[Purpose – This study aims to examine sustainability competency development among Indonesian Nautika cadets as a human resource development investment problem, testing whether curriculum-hour allocation, treated as a training-investment decision, explains observed competency gaps and the retraining costs industry subsequently absorbs. Design/methodology/approach – A sequential mixed-methods design surveyed 180 cadets across three sustainability competency domains, modelled the pathway linking multiliteracy instruction to vocational competency through structural equation modelling, and triangulated results against thematic analysis of three stakeholder groups, industry experts, senior lecturers, and post-placement near-graduates, supplemented by a six-week training intervention evaluated against a matched comparison group. Findings – ESG Leadership competency scored lowest of all domains, 2.18 out of 5.00, against zero allocated training hours, while 86.7 percent of industry stakeholders reported retraining every recent graduate within six months of hire. Stewardship orientation was found to mediate the pathway from multiliteracy instruction to vocational competency, and the training intervention produced the largest effect size of any domain tested. Originality/value – This study is among the first to treat curriculum-hour allocation explicitly as a human resource development investment decision in maritime vocational education, and to triangulate industry, lecturer, and near-graduate accounts of the resulting training gap, reframing curriculum-industry misalignment as a correctable allocation problem rather than a fixed formation cost.]]>
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