<![CDATA[ The banking sector plays a strategic role in the national economy, making profitability, as reflected in Return on Assets (ROA), a key concern for management, regulators, and investors. Fluctuations in ROA among commercial banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) highlight the need to examine factors influencing bank performance. This study aims to analyze the effect of the Green Banking Development Index (GBDI), Cost Efficiency Ratio (CER), and Money Supply (M2) on ROA, both partially and simultaneously, during the 2020–2025 period. This research employs a quantitative approach using secondary data from banks’ annual financial reports obtained from the IDX and official bank websites. The sample was selected using purposive sampling, resulting in 5 commercial banks with 30 observations. Data were analyzed using panel data regression with the Random Effect Model (REM). The results of the partial test (t-test) show that GBDI does not have a significant effect on ROA, while CER and Money Supply (M2) have significant effects. The simultaneous test (F-test) indicates that GBDI, CER, and M2 jointly have a significant effect on ROA. The Adjusted R-squared value of 28.54% shows that these variables explain part of the variation in ROA, while 71.46% is influenced by other factors outside the model.]]>
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