<![CDATA[ This study examines the development of armed conflict in Papua and its impact on civilian communities from 2023 to 2025. The study focuses on the development of armed conflict incidents, civilian casualties, and the broader implications of violence for human rights and civilian protection. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed using secondary data from academic literature, human rights reports, and relevant institutional documents. Human Rights Monitor data indicate that armed conflict incidents increased from 110 in 2023 to 135 in 2024 and 141 in 2025. Civilian fatalities reached 63 in 2023, declined to 44 in 2024, and increased to 73 in 2025, while civilian injuries reached 57, 37, and 48 respectively. The findings indicate that armed conflict continues to create significant risks for civilian security, social stability, and human rights. The study argues that civilian protection requires an integrated approach combining security measures, human rights protection, accountability, recognition of indigenous peoples’ rights, political dialogue, and community participation. ]]>
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