<![CDATA[This study examines the basis and gradation of juvenile criminal responsibility in Islamic criminal law through Ibn Qudamah’s Al-Mughni, particularly in relation to the tension between child protection and accountability for serious offenses. Using normative legal research, the study employs statutory and conceptual approaches to conduct a doctrinal and textual analysis of Al-Mughni, the Qur’an and Hadith, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and Indonesia’s Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law, with particular attention to qisas, hadd for theft, and diyat within the aqilah mechanism. The findings demonstrate that criminal responsibility in Al-Mughni is determined not merely by the prohibited act or chronological age, but by legal capacity (ahliyyah), discernment (tamyiz), and maturity. Children lacking full legal capacity are exempt from qisas and hadd, while their conduct may generate compensatory consequences through diyat and educative responses such as ta’dib for those possessing discernment. The novelty of this study lies in identifying a doctrinal model of graduated juvenile responsibility in Al-Mughni that separates punitive liability from compensatory responsibility and calibrates legal consequences according to developmental capacity. This framework provides a conceptual bridge between classical Hanbali jurisprudence and contemporary child-centred justice by integrating child protection, proportionality, rehabilitation, restorative justice, and victim interests.]]>
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