<![CDATA[Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with tuberculosis has mechanisms that induce tumor formation and contribute to the development of cancer. In more than 80% of cases, TB primarily affects the lungs and other tissues, leading to chronic inflammation. Inflammation has long been associated with the development of cancer. T lymphocytes from patients with active tuberculosis secrete high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is also secreted by CD4+ T lymphocytes treated with purified tuberculin protein derivative (PPD). Purpose: To determine protein expression in tuberculosis patients with lymph node and non-lymph node TB tissue. Method: This experimental study employed immunohistochemistry. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey HSD test. Research data were statistically analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test. Results: Non-lymph node tuberculosis exhibits a lower cellular immune response, with the H-score method providing an accurate quantitative assessment of CD4 expression. Conclusion: CD4 protein expression based on H-score was significantly higher in lymph node tuberculosis. Suggestion: Further research correlating CD4 expression with other specific immune biomarkers is needed to clarify the immune response profile in tuberculosis.  Keywords: CD4; Immunohistochemistry; Lymph Node; Tissue; Tuberculosis.]]>
Copyrights © 2026
