<![CDATA[This study aimed to develop a snakes and ladders instructional media based on the Team Games Tournament (TGT) cooperative learning model for the respiratory system topic in Grade XI and to evaluate its validity, practicality, and effectiveness in improving students’ problem-solving abilities. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE model, consisting of five stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The research involved 30 students from Grade XI Science Class 1. Data were collected through needs analysis, expert validation sheets, teacher and student response questionnaires, and pretest–posttest assessments. The collected data were analyzed using percentage scores and N-gain analysis. The validation results showed that the instructional media obtained scores of 88% from the media expert and 87% from the subject matter expert, indicating a highly valid category. The practicality assessment revealed scores of 93% from teachers and 94% from students, categorized as highly practical. Furthermore, the effectiveness analysis showed an N-gain value of 0.70 with an improvement percentage of 70.40%, indicating a high level of effectiveness. These findings demonstrate that the TGT-based snakes and ladders instructional media is a valid, practical, and effective learning tool for supporting biology instruction. The developed media provides an interactive and collaborative learning experience and has the potential to enhance students’ problem-solving abilities in the respiratory system topic.]]>
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