<![CDATA[Papua Island is known as one of Indonesia’s regions with the largest areas of tropical forest and exceptionally rich biodiversity. However, throughout the 2015–2025 decade, intensified human activities have driven substantial transformations in land cover. This study examines the dynamics of land-cover change in Papua and its implications for ecological sustainability and the preservation of Indigenous peoples’ local wisdom. Using a quantitative approach with Geographic Information System (GIS)-based spatial analysis, this study employs an overlay method to compare land-cover maps from 2015 and 2025. The results indicate that land-cover changes affected approximately 1,300,000 hectares, equivalent to around 5.31% of the study area. Meanwhile, data on local wisdom were collected through a literature review and content analysis of relevant academic journals, books, and policy documents. The findings reveal a significant reduction in natural forest cover of approximately 1.3 million hectares ([insert percentage]%), accompanied by an expansion of plantation and agricultural areas of [insert number] hectares ([insert percentage]%), as well as an increase in built-up areas. These changes have resulted in biodiversity loss, increased risks of ecological disasters, environmental degradation, and restricted access of Indigenous communities to their traditional living spaces. Nevertheless, local wisdom, including the protection of sacred areas and sustainable natural resource management practices, remains an important foundation for maintaining ecosystem stability. This study concludes that intensive development pressures pose significant threats to the environmental sustainability of Papua. Therefore, integrated spatial planning policies are needed to harmonize development objectives, conservation agendas, and the protection of Indigenous peoples’ rights.]]>
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