<![CDATA[Digital transformation has reshaped Muslim religious life by changing how religious knowledge, authority, identity, and practice are produced and negotiated. This study examines how Digital Islam constructs hybrid religious authority among Muslims in Probolinggo, Indonesia, where traditional Islamic institutions coexist with expanding digital media use. Using a qualitative exploratory case study design, the research involved 15–20 purposively selected participants, including religious leaders, community figures, and active digital media users. Data were collected through participant observation and semi-structured interviews and analysed using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña interactive model with thematic coding supported by NVivo 14. The findings show that digitalisation does not replace traditional religious authority but produces a hybrid configuration through interaction between ulama, kiai, pesantren, digital platforms, and Muslim communities. Religious legitimacy is increasingly shaped by scholarly credibility, social trust, communication skills, digital visibility, and audience participation. Digital media also influence Muslim identity formation and religious practice while creating challenges concerning credibility and authenticity. This study concludes that Digital Islam in Probolinggo reflects negotiation, adaptation, and coexistence between offline and online authority. The study contributes to Digital Religion scholarship by proposing hybrid religious authority as a framework for understanding religious transformation in non-metropolitan Muslim societies.]]>
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