<![CDATA[Balikpapan City was pivotal in the pre-independence petroleum industry. As a vital geopolitical asset, it became a strategic WWII theater between Japanese and Allied forces. Military defense remnants including bunkers, trenches, artillery, and military bases are extensively concentrated in East Balikpapan District. However, the physical integrity of these archaeological sites faces severe degradation from rapid population growth and demographic shifts, triggering massive morphological changes to the area. To mitigate this, this study employs a Descriptive-Comparative method utilizing a Geographic Information System (GIS) to precisely map spatial coordinates and artifact distribution patterns. This data serves as a deterministic baseline to formulate protection zoning policies, ensuring the preservation of the historical, scientific, and educational values of these cultural heritage objects amidst rapid urbanization.]]>
Copyrights © 2026
