<![CDATA[Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol representing a major modifiable risk factor. Physical activity is widely recommended to improve lipid profiles, although its effects may vary across populations and exercise protocols. This systematic review aimed to synthesize recent evidence on the effects of physical activity on LDL cholesterol levels in diverse populations.Methods: A literature search was conducted in January 2026 using PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect for studies published between 2022 and 2025. Study selection followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.Results: Ten studies met the eligibility criteria, involving individuals with diabetes or prediabetes, university students, heart failure, pregnancy, childhood populations, multiple sclerosis, and older adults. Six studies (60%) reported significant reductions in LDL levels following structured physical activity, including aerobic exercise, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), resistance training, and diabetes-specific exercise. Greater benefits were generally observed with supervised moderate-to-vigorous exercise performed for 30–60 minutes per session, 3–5 times weekly, for 8 weeks to 6 months. However, findings were inconsistent in university students and pregnant women.Conclusion: Structured and supervised physical activity can reduce LDL cholesterol, although effectiveness depends on exercise characteristics, adherence, and population-specific factors. Standardized exercise protocols and further high-quality studies are needed to develop population-specific recommendations.]]>
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