<![CDATA[This study aimed to examine differences in students’ ability to interpret hyphens in reduplicated words with singular and plural meanings before and after the use of flashcard media among second-grade students at SD Negeri Pisangcandi 1, Malang City. The study employed a quantitative experimental approach using a pre-experimental One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The subjects were 24 students from Class II B. Data were collected using a parallel written test consisting of five items, with scores ranging from 0 to 100. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and paired-samples t-test. The descriptive results showed an increase in the mean score of 10.417 points, accompanied by a shift in the mode from 50.000 to 90.000. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test met the prerequisite criterion, with p = 0.176 (p > 0.05). The paired-samples t-test yielded t = ?2.244 with p = 0.035 (p < 0.05). Therefore, there was a significant difference in students’ ability to interpret hyphens before and after the use of flashcard media in Indonesian language learning on the use of hyphens to convey singular and plural meanings.]]>
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