Journal of Health Policy and Management
Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Associated with Job Satisfaction among Acupuncture Therapists in Indonesia

Afrita Nurlaylia (Master'
s Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia)

Selfi Handayani (Master'
s Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia)

Dewi Pratiwi (Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia)
Erindra Budi Cahyanto (Nurse Anesthesia Program, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia)
Yeny Ristaning Belawati (Master'
s Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia)



Article Info

Publish Date
16 May 2026

Abstract

Background: Job satisfaction is influenced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors originating from both individual characteristics and the organizational environment. The lack of empirical evidence regarding job satisfaction among acupuncture therapists may hinder the strengthening of the complementary healthcare workforce in Indonesia. Without evidence-based knowledge of the factors influencing job satisfaction, the integration of acupuncture services into the national healthcare system may proceed without adequate evaluation and without comprehensive human resource management strategies. Subjects and Method: This quantitative study employed a cross-sectional design. A total of 173 respondents from across Indonesia participated in the study. The sample size was determined using the Daniel and Cross formula, and participants were recruited through accidental sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Pearson's correlation for bivariate analysis and multiple linear regression for multivariable analysis. Results: Among the intrinsic factors, work achievement was significantly associated with job satisfaction (b = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.53; p < 0.001). Among the extrinsic factors, coworker relationships (b = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.57; p < 0.001) and recognition (b = 0.31; 95% CI = 0.11 to 0.51; p = 0.003) were also significantly associated with job satisfaction. In contrast, social status (b = 0.12; 95% CI = −0.07 to 0.31; p = 0.224), organizational policy (b = −0.11; 95% CI = −0.26 to 0.04; p = 0.163), and working conditions (b = 0.02; 95% CI = −0.23 to 0.26; p = 0.894) were not significantly associated with job satisfaction. Conclusion: Work achievement, coworker relationships, and recognition were significant factors associated with job satisfaction among acupuncture therapists in Indonesia. Conversely, social status, organizational policy, and working conditions were not significantly associated with job satisfaction.

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Journal Info

Abbrev

thejhpm

Publisher

Subject

Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

Description

Journal of Health Policy and Management (JHPM) is an electronic, open-access, double-blind and peer-reviewed international multidisciplinary and integrative journal, focusing on health policy, health system, and healthcare management. It began its publication on October 21, 2015. The journal is ...