<![CDATA[Spatial thinking is an essential skill required to understand complex concepts across various fields. This skill involves visualization, mental rotation, and spatial analysis. However, students in Indonesia exhibit low levels of spatial thinking, which poses a challenge in the digital era. In the context of the digital age and 21st-century learning, spatial thinking becomes increasingly relevant to support analysis, problem-solving, and decision-making. This study aims to analyze the application of spatial thinking in biology education from the perspectives of constructivist and complex cognitive theories. The method used is a literature review, integrating various findings on spatial skills, teaching strategies, and theoretical approaches. The results indicate that spatial thinking can be improved through problem-based learning, three-dimensional visualization, and digital technology. Constructivist theory provides a foundation for building spatial knowledge through direct experiences, while complex cognitive theory explains the mental processes that support spatial analysis. In conclusion, integrating spatial thinking into biology education requires innovative learning designs and technological support to enhance student learning outcomes.]]>
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