<![CDATA[This article examines legal certainty in Indonesian and Malaysian mining regulation through four variables: licensing authority, environmental assessment and permit sequencing, cross-sectoral coordination, and supervision and enforcement. In Indonesia, successive changes to the allocation of licensing authority, particularly under Law No. 3 of 2020, Presidential Regulation No. 55 of 2022, and Law No. 2 of 2025, indicate limited regulatory stability. Although centralisation aims to strengthen state control over mineral resources, changing institutional arrangements and coordination mechanisms may reduce predictability and local accountability. Malaysia's federal framework provides constitutionally defined state authority over mining, while federal institutions support technical and environmental coordination. Its regulatory framework also establishes a clearer sequence between environmental assessment and licensing. The comparison indicates that legal certainty depends not only on statutory provisions but also on regulatory stability, institutional coordination, procedural consistency, and enforceability. Indonesia therefore needs clearer allocation of licensing authority, stronger integration of environmental assessment into licensing procedures, and more consistent enforcement and cross-sectoral coordination to support sustainable mining governance.]]>
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