<![CDATA[The rapid growth of the global halal industry has made halal certification central to international trade, yet the absence of a unified global standard continues to create legal uncertainty and undermine Muslim consumer trust. Using a normative qualitative approach and doctrinal analysis of key frameworks, including Law No. 33 of 2014 on Halal Product Assurance, Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, and OIC–SMIIC standards, this study finds that fragmented halal standards lead to duplicative certification, regulatory inefficiencies, and reduced consumer confidence, as major authorities such as BPJPH, JAKIM, and ESMA operate with limited mutual recognition. Although initiatives under SMIIC, OIC, and ASEAN show gradual progress, their impact is constrained by theological diversity, technical differences, and political factors. The study concludes that global harmonization is essential to ensure legal certainty and protect Muslim consumers, and that mutual recognition based on standard equivalence and respect for legitimate diversity, supported by consumer protection principles, digital traceability systems, and halal literacy, offers a practical and inclusive path forward.]]>
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