<![CDATA[Purpose – This study aims to examine the conceptual development of Disruptive Innovation (DI) by addressing ongoing debates regarding its definition, underlying mechanisms, and boundary conditions. The research seeks to explain how disruptive innovation emerges and how incumbent firms respond to disruptive forces through the integration of entrepreneurial, technological, and organizational perspectives. Design/Methodology/Approach – This study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach by analyzing ten high-quality Q1/Q2 journal articles published between 2020 and 2025. The review is complemented by the theoretical foundations of Mazzarol and Reboud (2020). The study synthesizes three main theoretical perspectives: Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO), Digital Technology Affordances, and Failure Learning, to develop a conceptual understanding of disruptive innovation mechanisms. Findings – The findings indicate that Disruptive Innovation is primarily a business model phenomenon rather than solely a technological advancement. DI emerges through the interaction of Entrepreneurial Orientation, digital technology affordances (including artificial intelligence), and dynamic capabilities involving sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring. Failure Learning serves as an important moderating factor that transforms entrepreneurial intentions into sustainable disruptive outcomes. The review also reveals that faster innovation adoption by incumbent firms positively affects market value, while delayed responses increase vulnerability to disruptive threats. Originality/Value – This study contributes to disruptive innovation literature by integrating multiple theoretical streams into a unified conceptual framework. The proposed framework and four theoretical propositions provide directions for future empirical research, particularly in emerging markets where institutional conditions create both challenges and opportunities for disruptive innovation. The study also advances understanding of DI as a strategic business model transformation rather than merely a technological disruption.]]>
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