<![CDATA[Although Islamic education aims to shape perfect human beings (insan kamil), empirical reality shows that there is ideological vulnerability to intolerance and apathy towards religious values among students. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to analyze the philosophical roots and their relationship to manifestations in the curriculum, and to offer mitigation strategies against ideological polarization between radicalism and secularism. This study uses a literature review method with conceptual-philosophical analysis. The findings show that radicalism is rooted in an exclusive textualist understanding and in the disintegration of knowledge, creating an ideological vacuum. Meanwhile, secularism is driven by the dominance of rationalistic positivism and materialistic-capitalistic orientation, which reduces the function of education to economic pragmatism. This polarization is manifested in a narrow curriculum and value-free methodology. The results of the analysis offer a paradigm of balance through two mitigation strategies, namely ontological integration to restore awareness of tawhid as the source of knowledge and the strengthening of critical literacy as a methodological tool for deconstructing extreme narratives. The implication is that Islamic education is transformed from merely complementing knowledge to unifying knowledge, to produce graduates who are professionally competent and spiritually and morally coherent.]]>
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