Human Development, Academic Achievement, and the Limits of Material Progress: An Empirical and Theological Study from Central Indonesia

Wellem Sairwona (Universitas Kristen Indonesia)
Melkias Antonius Manggoa (Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana)
Victoria Henderina Bathun (Universitas Kristen Indonesia)
Wilson Rajagukguk (Universitas Kristen Indonesia)

Formosa Journal of Applied Sciences (FJAS)
Vol. 4 No. 12 (2025): December 2025

This study examines how macro-level components of the Human Development Index (HDI): education, health, and economic factors, relate to junior high school students’ academic achievement in Central Indonesia. A quantitative explanatory design was applied using district-level secondary data analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling with SmartPLS 4. The model assessed the effects of transportation and telecommunication infrastructure, household access to health facilities, household expenditure, and net participation rate on students’ average National Examination (NEM) scores. The results show weak and statistically non-significant relationships (β = 0.011–0.243; R² = 0.141), indicating that macro-development indicators alone do not lead directly to higher learning outcomes. This article contributes by integrating empirical analysis with Christian educational reflection, emphasizing education as holistic human development grounded in Imago Dei and oriented toward shalom.