<![CDATA[Data from Indonesia’s Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK) reveal persistently low restitution payments: 7.5% of court-ordered restitution was paid in 2021, none in 2022, approximately 5% in 2023, and 6% in 2024. This gap between judicial recognition and actual enforcement of victims’ rights raises concerns about access to restitution and compliance with international principles, particularly the 1985 United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study examines the potential of dwangsom (coercive fines) to strengthen restitution enforcement and advance rehabilitative justice. It argues that incorporating dwangsom into judicial decisions could improve compliance and translate victims’ formally recognized rights into effective remedies, contributing to broader discussions on reparation and access to justice.]]>
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