<![CDATA[Smallholder dairy farms are a source of GHG emissions, and few studies in the local context examine farm-level emissions while also accounting for farm management data. This study aimed to estimate and compare carbon footprints and to identify potential drivers in two smallholder dairy farming areas in Indonesia. The study scope was limited to direct farm emissions. We collected primary data through field observations, farmer surveys, and interviews with 70 farmers between November 2024 and March 2025. We estimated direct emissions from enteric fermentation, manure management, electricity, and fuel using ALU Software v6.1.0.04 and Microsoft Excel 2021. We compared emissions from the two areas using the Mann-Whitney test in Minitab 22. The KUNAK farms had larger herds (286 LU) than the Giri Tani farms (202 LU). The annual totals were also higher in KUNAK for enteric CH4 (0.042 vs 0.021 Gg), manure CH4 (0.011 vs 0.005 Gg), N2O (500 vs 224 kg), and CO2 from electricity and fuel (87,300 vs 80,900 kg and 26,800 vs 34,900 kg, respectively, in Giri Tani). The farm-level comparisons showed significant differences between the two areas. The observed differences align with those in herd size, feeding practices, manure management, and energy use. The study design does not allow for any causal inference. The results do support the need for locally appropriate mitigation priorities such as balanced feeding, improved manure management, and more efficient energy use.]]>
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