Civil Engineering Journal
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to:
Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
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Study on Solutions for Early Dismantling of Aluminum Formwork Systems in High-Rise Building Construction
Pham, Phu-Anh-Huy;
Pham, Quang-Nhat
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 10, No 10 (2024): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education
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DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-07
This paper evaluated the impact of early aluminum formwork (AF) removal on the structural integrity of reinforced concrete (RC) beam-slab systems, specifically focusing on punching shear capacity, deflection, and crack width. The study provided a comprehensive analysis of the AF system, detailing its erection and dismantling sequences while examining its advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, safety principles for early formwork removal were proposed in accordance with the Vietnamese code (TCVN 5574:2018). By utilizing calculation examples based on actual high-rise building constructions and employing the finite element method, the study offered practical guidelines for the safe and effective use of AF systems, balancing rapid construction with structural safety. The findings emphasized the importance of assessing punching shear, deflection, and crack width criteria at the time of formwork removal to ensure structural safety. Results indicated that RC beam-slab systems remain safe in terms of punching shear capacity, deflection, and crack width if the shoring span does not exceed 1.6m when the concrete reaches its design strength. Furthermore, early removal of AF was feasible when the concrete achieved a strength grade of B12.5, with a shoring span of up to 1.6 m and a minimum slab thickness of 200mm. This study also contributed novel insights into optimizing construction efficiency by offering practical guidelines for the safe and effective use of AF systems, thus providing valuable recommendations for construction professionals and engineers. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-07 Full Text: PDF
Influence of Integral Crystalline Waterproofing on Concrete Properties: Dosage Impact and Microstructural Analysis
Na Songkhla, Warun;
Jamnam, Sittisak;
Chaikaew, Chalermphol;
Sua-iam, Gritsada
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 10, No 10 (2024): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education
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DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-02
The present research study aims to investigate the properties and performance of concrete containing an integral crystalline waterproofing (ICW) admixture, added at an optimal dosage to resist water without compromising structural integrity. To achieve this, an experimental program was conducted on specimens with ICW dosage variations ranging from 0 to 4.8 kg/m2. The impact on water absorption, pulse velocity, and microstructural characteristics was tested and analyzed using XRF and EDS techniques. The findings reveal that increasing the dosage decreases water absorption by approximately 43% at maximum dosage compared with the control. A 41% increase in pulse velocity indicates a denser concrete matrix. The principle of optimization is highlighted, as an overdose of ICW generates a non-structural crystalline gel at the bottom of the specimens. The optimum dosage range for ICW to improve water resistance without adverse effects on structural performance was determined to be 3.2 to 4.0 kg/m2. This research introduces a novel approach by evaluating the comprehensive performance of concrete in relation to ICW dosage, providing valuable insights into the practical application of ICW admixture to enhance concrete quality and durability. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-02 Full Text: PDF
Performance of Treated Date Palm Leaf Fiber as a Sustainable Reinforcement for Different Soil
Al-Hassnawi, Noor S.;
Azmi, Mastura;
Fattah, Mohammed Y.;
Ahmad, Fauziah
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 10, No 10 (2024): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education
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DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-018
The use of sustainable materials in geotechnical applications has increased in recent years due to their positive impacts on geo-environmental and future generations. This paper contributes to existing knowledge on geocell reinforcement of soil by proposing a new inexpensive product: cells made from natural materials, Date Palm Leaf fiber coated with Bitumen (DPLB), to improve its durability, as an alternative to commercially available high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geocells. A physical laboratory model was designed to examine the performance of the DPLB cell and HDPE cell reinforced base layer under repeated loading. The study tested different infill materials gravel, sand, and recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in DPLB cells and HDPLE geocell-reinforced granular layers and compared them to unreinforced layers. The reinforcement's performance was assessed using elastic deformation, permanent deformation, traffic benefit ratio, and rut depth reduction. Results showed that both DPLB cell and geocell reinforced sand decreased the cumulative permanent deformations compared to the unreinforced layer. DPLB reinforcement cells improved the permanent deformation behavior by 30% due to the lateral restriction provided by the DPLB pockets on the infill materials, while the geocell improved it by 7%. The traffic benefit ratio (TBR) of geocell-reinforced RAP is 26% greater than that of the DPLB cell-reinforced RAP section, although both geocell and DPLB cell exhibited similar TBR values in the case of gravel infill materials. The experimental results showed that DPLB cells are a cost-effective and environmentally friendly substitute for commercially available HDPE geocells in soil reinforcement applications. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-018 Full Text: PDF
Comparative Evaluation of Compressive Strength in Earth Blocks Enhanced with Natural Fibers
Narayan, Sumesh;
Maharaj, Ravikesh Rahul;
Kumar, Romitesh;
Kishore, Thomas;
Salahuddin, Md;
Mamun, Kabir
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 10, No 10 (2024): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education
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DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-013
Portland cement is a key component in the production of concrete blocks; however, its production has an extensive carbon footprint that contributes towards climate change. In addition, the availability of aggregates is also often challenging and, as such, leads to production delays of concrete blocks, which ultimately causes delays in the completion of construction projects and constant price increases. The price increase of construction materials such as concrete blocks tends to affect the quality of houses being constructed in rural communities of the Pacific Island Countries (PICs), and this calls for the development of a low-cost alternative to ensure housing quality is not compromised. This project is being carried out to develop earth blocks as an environmentally friendly and sustainable substitute for concrete blocks that are widely used in the construction industry. Coir (derived from coconut fibers) and bamboo fibers were incorporated into these blocks as reinforcement materials, aiming to achieve the same level of strength required for use in construction. Additional adhesion of the earth block was provided by the usage of cement. The earth blocks were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days, after which they were subjected to various tests, including a compressive strength test, water absorption test followed by wet compressive strength test to compare its performance to ensure it has sufficient strength for it to be introduced into the market as a more eco-friendly, low-carbon-emission, and cost-effective construction material. The maximum compressive strength obtained during the test was 3.24 MPa. Following a comprehensive analysis of the data attained, the composition of 15% cement and 0.75% bamboo fiber emerges as the most ideal choice for creating marketable earth blocks. This composition strikes a balance between providing adequate strength and ensuring minimal reduction in overall strength when the blocks are exposed to wet conditions. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-013 Full Text: PDF
The Behavior of Enlarged Base Pile Under Compression and Uplift Loading in Partially Saturated Sand
Ghalib, Zaid H.;
Mahmood, Mahmood R.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 10, No 10 (2024): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education
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DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-08
The aim of this paper is to study the behavior of enlarged base piles embedded within partially saturated soils under compression and uplift loading. This type of pile is rarely excavated and cast on-site. Accordingly, to construct an enlarged base pile model, an excavator was designed and manufactured to give appropriate shape through drilling and casting in the laboratory through the design and manufacture of an excavator to produce piles with a shaft of 35 mm in diameter, 500 mm in length, and a base of 80 mm in diameter inclined at an angle of 60 degrees. Three different partial saturation soils were achieved by lowering the water level below the soil surface 20, 40, and 60 cm and measuring the suction force of each stage using a Tensiometer. The average matrix suction results were 6.4, 7.6, and 9.1 kPa for each lower water level, respectively. The test results showed that the bearing capacity of the enlarged base piles under compression load in partially saturated soil was higher than that in the case of full saturation because of matrix suction, with an improvement rate of 2.5–4.5 times compared with the case of fully saturated soil. Additionally, test results showed that the enlarged base piles subjected to uplift loading in partially saturated soil were significantly improved compared with the fully saturated condition, with an improvement rate of 1.5 - 3 times. The reason for this is the apparent surface cohesion of the sandy soil, which increases the bearing capacity of the sandy soil. This study sheds light on the phenomenon of apparent surface cohesion of sandy soil and the extent of its effect on increasing the soil’s resistance to the loads placed on it. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-08 Full Text: PDF
Use of Recycled Ceramic Powder as a Green Alternative in Mortar-Based Cementitious Composites
Zghair, Luma A. G.;
Yousif, Mohammad Z.;
Salman, Luay K.;
Al-Hamd, Rwayda Kh. S.;
Sarhan, Mazin M.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 10, No 10 (2024): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education
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DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-03
Recognizing material waste as a significant global concern has influenced both the environment and the construction industry. The utilization of ceramic waste as a recycled material in construction projects has gained attention as an effective and sustainable approach to address environmental issues. This study examines the use of waste ceramic tile powder (WCTP) as a supplementary material in cement mortars to decrease the amount of cement required. WCTP was used in place of cement at percentages of 5%, 10%, and 20%. Four different mix designs were created and tested for the study, yielding a total of 48 specimens. Numerous investigations were carried out, including flow table evaluations, measures of dry density, assessments of compressive and flexural strengths, X-ray diffraction, and SEM-EDX testing. The objective of these investigations was to evaluate the specimens' mechanical and physical characteristics as a whole. The findings showed that using ceramic powder in place of some cement might enhance the properties of the mortar. The compressive and flexural strengths of the mortar were notably impacted by replacing 10% of the cement content with ceramic powder. The inclusion of ceramic powder significantly enhanced the mortar's microstructure interface, according to SEM-EDX studies. In the end, the utilization of ceramic powder was found to have a substantial positive impact on the environment by reducing waste. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-03 Full Text: PDF
Experimental Study of the Principal Characteristics of Sustainable Micropile Grout Containing Alternative Sands
Phuc Lam, Dao;
Van Manh, Nguyen;
Nhan, Pham Thi;
Viet, Le Huy;
Lam, Tang Van;
Van Phi, Dang;
Hung, Ngo Xuan;
Osinski, Piotr;
Onyelowe, Kennedy C.;
Van Duc, Bui
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 10, No 10 (2024): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education
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DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-019
The paper discloses a laboratory investigation on employing manufactured sand cement as grout in micropiling works. In practice, to prepare micropile grouts, Portland cement is commonly used. The grout usually consists of natural sand to obtain the strength parameters and value international standards require for micropile construction. It is common knowledge that using concrete and natural sand leaves its environmental footprint. Although there have been numerous attempts to use more environmentally friendly materials, utilizing manufactured sands, particularly for micropile grouting, is a scientific challenge that researchers are still trying to address. The present study investigates the performance of micropile grout mixtures containing manufactured (M) sands, including limestone (L-M) and granite (G-M) rock as replacements for natural sand. For this purpose, laboratory tests, including unconfined compression strength (UCS) and workability tests, were conducted on samples with varying compositions and ratios of L-M and G-M materials. The complementary microstructure and chemical composition analyses were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The laboratory results indicate that the UCS at 28 days of hardening for all M-sand cement mixtures exceeds the minimum standards required values, falling in a range of 40-50.2 MPa. It’s noteworthy that the strength of cement grout containing L-M sand was found to be higher than that of G-M sand. The SEM results show the G-M sand grain is rougher than L-M, and the L-M sand grain size is finer than the G-M samples, which causes a decrease in porosity at the interfacial transition zone. Grout workability tests demonstrated that higher water-cement ratios (W/C) led to increased fluidity across all mixtures, with G-M sand resulting in lower flowability than L-M samples. Overall, the results suggest that the proposed mixtures could serve as sustainable alternatives for micropiling, reducing cement content and utilizing alternative, reused materials in grouting mixtures more effectively and sustainably. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-019 Full Text: PDF
Increasing the Efficiency of Underground Block Leaching of Metal
Yussupov, Khalidilla;
Aben, Erbolat;
Myrzakhmetov, Sayfulmalik;
Akhmetkanov, Dalelkhan;
Sarybayev, Nurzhigit
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 10, No 10 (2024): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education
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DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-014
The purpose of this study is to increase the efficiency of underground block metal leaching by increasing the metal content in the pregnant solution using the cavitation effect. To achieve this goal, it is proposed to process (cavitate) the leaching solution on the injector. The following research methods were used in this study: analysis of the current state of scientific and technical problems and research, laboratory work to establish the effect of the treated (cavitated) solution on the metal content in the pregnant solution, collection and processing of statistical data from laboratory work, analysis of research results, and preparation of conclusions. According to the results of laboratory research, leaching with a treated solution on an injector leads to an increase in the content of a useful component in the pregnant solution. The maximum increase in the metal content in the pregnant solution was achieved by processing the leaching solution for 5 min. The effectiveness of the solution over time after treatment was maintained for a long time (up to one month). Changes in the solution pressure did not affect the effectiveness of the treated leaching solution. The scientific novelty of this work consists of determining the dependence of the content of the useful component in the pregnant solution on the time of processing the leaching solution on the injector and the leaching time, which determines the optimal time for processing the solution on the injector to obtain the maximum metal content in the pregnant solution. The dependence of the content of the useful component in the solution on the pressure during leaching with untreated and treated solutions on the injector was obtained. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-014 Full Text: PDF
Optionally Reinforced Columns Under Simulated Seismic and Time Varying Axial Loads: Advanced HYLSER-2 Testing
Ristic, Jelena;
Guri, Zijadin;
Ristic, Danilo
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 10, No 10 (2024): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education
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DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-09
Steel- and composite-reinforced columns (SRC and CRC columns) provide alternative solutions for common and harsh environments. Although extensive research has been conducted on these columns, direct comparative studies of SRC and CRC columns under seismic conditions, with consistent testing and realistic load simulations, remain limited. This study examined the nonlinear seismic responses of nine ordinary steel-reinforced concrete column models constructed alternatively with normal-strength and high-strength concretes under simulated earthquakes and time-varying axial loads. A developed advanced HYLSER-2 seismic testing system was employed to conduct seismic tests. Spiral transversal reinforcement with pitches of 6.0 and 9.0 cm was used to explore the effects of concrete confinement. The HYLSER-2 seismic tests, conducted under various interactively simulated earthquake intensities and time-varying axial loads, yielded crucial experimental results. Additionally, an extensive complementary analytical study was conducted to provide comparative insights between steel-reinforced columns (SRC) and composite-reinforced columns (CRC) with novel glass fiber-reinforced (GFRP) bars. The analytical study was conducted using experimentally proven advanced nonlinear analytical micromodels. The analytical results highlight the hysteretic behavior of columns reinforced with ordinary steel and novel GFRP reinforcing bars under the simulated combined effects of reversed cyclic bending and time-varying axial loads. The findings form a critical basis for advancing seismic design strategies for SRC and CRC columns exposed to strong earthquakes and high-time variations in axial loads. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-09 Full Text: PDF
Effect of Porous Rectangular Type Baffle Block Angle on Hydraulic Jump Downstream of Spillway
Djunur, Lutfi Hair;
Pallu, Muhammad S.;
Karamma, Riswal;
Bakri, Bambang
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 10, No 10 (2024): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education
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DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-04
The elevation of the water surface upstream of the spillway structure increases significantly due to damming, leading to a rapid, supercritical flow downstream. This flow transitions from supercritical to subcritical, resulting in hydraulic jumps (Lj). The placement of a porous rectangular baffle block in the chute acts as an energy dissipator within the channel. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the angle of the porous rectangular baffle block on energy dissipation and hydraulic jumps downstream of the spillway structure. The experiment utilized a two-dimensional (2D) approach to evaluate energy dissipation and hydraulic jumps under various placements of the porous rectangular baffle block in the chute. The results indicated that the water level above the weir (hd) increased, along with turbulence downstream, while energy loss decreased. However, the efficiency of energy dissipation improved as variations in the water level above the weir decreased. A baffle block with an angle (α) of 60° was found to be the most effective in dissipating flow energy and shortening hydraulic jumps. Additionally, an empirical equation was developed for the hydraulic jump length as a function of the downstream Froude number (Fr): Lj=yt (k α hd(Fr-1)^4). The porous rectangular baffle block proved advantageous as it gradually dissipates flow velocity through its pore openings, preventing flow momentum reversal. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-04 Full Text: PDF