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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 22 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March" : 22 Documents clear
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of I-Steel Beam with Sinusoidal Web Abd Matooq, Jawad; Khalaf, Majed A.; Al Menhosh, Adel A.; Almayah, Abdulamir A.; Majeed, Fareed H.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-08

Abstract

For structural models, existing research frequently uses deterministic numerical analysis. Test findings, however, constantly point out uncertainties, especially about variables like the imposed load's amplitude, geometrical dimensions, material unpredictability, and inadequate experiential data. In response, scholars have focused more on probabilistic design models, realizing their importance for precisely forecasting structural performance. This research aims to incorporate reliability-based analysis into the numerical modeling of steel beams with sinusoidal webs. A steel welded plate beam with an I-section and a sinusoidal web has been taken into consideration in this study. The web height is 750 mm, the web thickness is 2.0 mm, the flange width is 300 mm, and the flange thickness is 5.0 mm. The beam's length, l = 1000 mm, has two 10.0 mm thick stiffeners positioned beneath the applied load to stop the flange from failing locally as a result of load concentration and end plate supports that are 5 mm thick. The commercial software application ANSYS ver. 2019 R3 has been used to perform a nonlinear finite element analysis in order to examine the failure modes and load capacities. In the first stage of this study, the changing of the amplitude/period ratio, A/P, was taken into consideration to examine the failure capacity loads and deformed shapes to optimize the amplitude/period ratio. In the second stage, the optimum amplitude/period ratio, A/P, was taken, and changing the period/span ratios, P/L, made the best use of the period/span ratios by examining the failure capacity loads and deformed forms. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-08 Full Text: PDF
Piezometer Time-Lag and Pore Pressure Ratio for Identification of Dam Internal Erosion Thepjunthra, Wiphada; Mairaing, Warakorn; Jinakulwipat, Montri; Chalermpornchai, Thawatchai; Kunsuwan, Bunpoat
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-019

Abstract

Earth dams on complex geology without proper foundation treatment often face the risk of seepage problems. Sufficient installation and interpretation of field instruments are essential for monitoring dam behavior. Three indicators are introduced for assessment of seepage behavior: time lag (TL), pore pressure ratio (PR), and trigger water level (HW). The normalized TL reflects the washing out and plugging of rock cracks, as well as the progression of internal erosion. The foundation of the studied dam consisted of foliated rocks that were highly fractured, with the axis of the foliations aligned almost in the upstream-downstream direction, with a possible low-stress zone on the syncline axis. The existing crack easily opened in the concave section of the syncline when the reservoir had risen to a certain elevation, resulting in increased permeability and a higher flow to the downstream area, known as “hydraulic fracturing” (HF). The piezometer TL clearly indicated a shorter response time as the operating period progressed. The study dam showed the possibility of HF in the foundation, as observed during 2003–2024. The progression of HF was also confirmed by the increase in PR levels toward downstream. This revealed that the ongoing progression of HF had occurred at sta.2+700, which agreed well with the location of the slip zone that had occurred in 1993. HWwas activated by the reservoir water level response also decreasing with time from 2003 to 2024, confirming that water infiltration through the rock crack progressed with time. These three indicators could act as good warning indices for seepage problems. This compiled knowledge could be transformed into a flowchart to identify the possible risks of hydraulic fracturing in the dam. If the three indices all showed the same trend, the potential for hydraulic fracturing and internal erosion would be very high. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-019 Full Text: PDF
An Innovative Design of Strip and Circular Footings on Sand Surface: Stress–Density Framework Ramadan, Mohamed I.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-03

Abstract

The bearing capacity of shallow foundations subjected to vertical centric loads has been extensively investigated. Despite the variability in the bearing capacity factor Nγ as proposed by different methodologies, the classical solution remains dominant in design codes. Critical variables affecting the bearing capacity of sand encompass sand particle morphology, footing width or diameter (B or D), mean effective stress level (p'), and sand relative density (Dr). Different sand types may exhibit distinct mobilization friction angles (ϕm) at the same Dr and p', resulting in varied stress-strain behaviors. Thus, the actual bearing capacity may not be accurately reflected by estimates of ???????? derived from a constant peak friction angle (ϕp) value. In this study, a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model (3D-FEM) has been applied to both strip and circular footings, employing a hypoplastic constitutive sand model to replicate sand behavior. The model efficiently replicates the compression and shear behavior of sand across a wide range of confining pressures and densities. A comprehensive parametric analysis has been conducted, encompassing a broad range of parameter variations. The principal objective is to present an innovative design approach concerning the bearing capacity of footings for diverse sand characteristics across an extensive array of sand properties. Additionally, a correlation has been established between the bearing capacity factors for strip and circular footings. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-03 Full Text: PDF
Advanced Digital Modeling of Stress–Strain Behavior in Rock Masses to Ensure Stability of Underground Mine Workings Demin, Vladimir; Kalinin, Alexey; Tomilova, Nadezhda; Tomilov, Aleksandr; Akpanbayeva, Assem; Shokarev, Denis; Popov, Anton
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-014

Abstract

This study focuses on optimizing underground support systems through advanced numerical modeling and geomechanical assessment. The research aims to refine reinforcement parameters for underground mine workings by analyzing the stress-strain behavior of rock masses using Rocscience RS2 software. The study integrates geological and geotechnical data, including field observations and numerical simulations, to enhance the accuracy of support system designs. The methodology is based on the finite element method (FEM) and the Hoek–Brown softening model, allowing the identification of plastic deformation zones and stress redistribution patterns. The results confirm that maximum stress increases by 35–40% for every 100 m of depth, necessitating enhanced reinforcement. The study evaluates hybrid support systems, specifically steel-polymer bolts with shotcrete, demonstrating a 15% reduction in plastic deformations compared to conventional methods. The findings highlight the importance of continuous geotechnical monitoring and adaptive reinforcement strategies to ensure stability in highly fractured rock masses. The proposed approach provides a more precise prediction of excavation stability, contributing to the development of safer and more efficient underground mining practices. Future research may include the integration of intelligent monitoring systems equipped with real-time sensors to further optimize support strategies and long-term stability assessments. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-014 Full Text: PDF
Performance Optimization of Masonry Mortar with Marble Dust, Spent Coffee Grounds, and Peanut Shell Ash Beskopylny, Alexey N.; Hematibahar, Mohammad; Momeni, Komeil; Stel'makh, Sergei A.; Shcherban', Evgenii M.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-09

Abstract

This research focused on the inclusion of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) and peanut shell ash (PSH) as variable additives and marble dust as a constant additive to cement materials to substitute aggregates and determine the effect of each variable on the properties of cement materials. To determine the influence of PSH and SCGs, these were added to mortar in 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% proportions and were combined with microsilica and superplasticizer. To analyze the results, the compressive and flexural strengths during three-point bending were investigated. The chemical composition and microstructure of the mortar mix were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The results showed that incorporating microsilica into the mortar mix increased the compressive strength to over 35.42 MPa compared to the control sample's 33.4 MPa. Adding 0.1% and 0.3% of SCGs and PSH improved the compressive strength of the mortar mix to over 39.48 and 38.09 MPa, respectively. Including 0.2% SCGs and 0.1% PSH increased the flexural strength to over 4.52 and 6.0 MPa, respectively. The SEM and EDX results showed that adding 0.3% SCGs slowed down the formation of calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H), consequently slowing down the hydration processes, and the strength gain was slower compared to microsilica. The addition of 0.3 PSH stimulated the formation of C-S-H, additionally supplying the cement matrix with such elements as Si and Al. Overall, adding SCGs and PSH has a positive effect on the mechanical and chemical properties of the mortar mix, although adding PSH is more beneficial than adding SCGs. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-09 Full Text: PDF
Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using Combined TRIGRS and Flow-R Rifa’i, Ahmad; Yuniawan, Ragil A.; Faris, Fikri; Trisnawati, Tiara R.; Purba, Byon Rezy Pradana; Subiyantoro, Andy; Suryana, Eka Priangga Hari; Ridwan, Banata Wahid
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-020

Abstract

Landslides were addressed as one of the natural hazards that can create extensive disasters. Effective assessment to locate potential landslide events is crucial for planning and risk mitigation. This study, which is located in the Sumitro watershed, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, presents a novel approach to landslide susceptibility assessment by integrating the Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Regional Slope-Stability Model (TRIGRS) with the Flow-R model. Five key parameters, namely slope, soil properties, groundwater level, soil thickness, and rainfall, were used to create the landslide susceptibility zonation. TRIGRS was used to identify the landslide initiation, while Flow-R was used to create the run-out area. The result was then validated through statistical evaluation using Area Under Curve (AUC) based on the landslide inventory. Results show that landslide susceptibility zonation created from TRIGRS alone resulted in an AUC value of 0.679, while the combination of TRIGRS-Flow-R susceptibility zonation shows a better AUC value of 0.728. The increase of the AUC value of almost 0.05 has enhanced the correlation between the landslide susceptibility zonation and landslide inventory from “acceptable” to “excellent” correlation. This result demonstrates that integrating Flow-R with TRIGRS improves the performance of landslide susceptibility zonation. This study offers a new perspective on creating landslide susceptibility zonation by combining two methods, yielding more reliable results. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-020 Full Text: PDF
Shear Strength and Serviceability of GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Beams: A Study on Varying Reinforcement Ratios Hamed, Thar Mohammed; Said, AbdulMuttalib I.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-04

Abstract

This study investigates the behavior of GFRP-reinforced concrete beams with varying reinforcement ratios. The experimental program consists of five concrete beams tested under a simply supported four-point bending setup with a section of (250×300) mm and a clear span of 1800 mm with a span-to-depth ratio of 2.3. The beams were reinforced longitudinally with GFRP bars with varying reinforcement ratios (ρ = 0.5, 0.9, 1.35, 1.8, and 2.25) for B1-B5, respectively. GFRP stirrups were used for the transverse direction with a spacing of 240 mm for all the beams. The results showed that raising the GFRP longitudinal reinforcement ratio to 1.35 enhanced load-carrying capacity performance and dropped at higher reinforcement ratios (1.8, 2.25) while offering better performance in controlling crack widths and deflection, which could be due to the limit of bonding with concrete. Increasing the GFRP longitudinal reinforcement ratio reduced the deflection at both service and ultimate loads with enhanced crack control. Lower reinforcement ratios of (ρ= 0.5) resulted in a brittle failure, wider cracks, and poor stiffness. Conversely, a 1.8 reinforcement ratio led to delayed crack initiation, smaller crack widths, and a balanced stiffness-to-ductility ratio being achieved. It was found that the dowel action of longitudinal GFRP bars greatly contributes to the shear strength of concrete beams, with a ratio of (ρ= 1.35) having the maximum load capacity along the tested beams. The ductility index ranged from 1.7 to 2.49. Higher reinforcement ratio beams resulted in a deeper neutral axis up to (ρ = 1.35), demonstrating improved stress distribution and reduced deformations. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-04 Full Text: PDF
An Automated Assessment Technique for Pavement Defects Using a Laser Scanner and Deep Machine Learning Al-Mistarehi, Bara'; Shtayat, Amir; Imam, Rana; Abdallah, Ashraf
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-015

Abstract

Roads are vital arteries and main links between and within cities. They are considered the main auxiliary factor in shortening travel time and achieving users’ comfort and safety. Governments strive to provide ideal conditions on the roads to achieve the highest levels of satisfaction, which are reflected in the quality of rides provided. Despite the variety of monitoring and evaluation methods, achieving the best and most accurate diagnosis of the condition of the roads and determining the severity of defects and appropriate and rapid maintenance methods are still lacking. This study aims to monitor and evaluate the state of some roads in Aswan City, Egypt, to identify defects and address them promptly. To achieve this goal, a laser scanner was used to evaluate pavement conditions by measuring the coordinates of the road surface and determining the differences in the measured values on the three axes. A built-in camera was also used in the laser device to monitor the type and severity of defects and match them with the measurements of the laser scanner device. Finally, a deep machine learning system, including LSTM, GRU, RF, SVM, and DT, was used to identify and classify the type and severity of defects. The prediction models showed significant accuracy with about 93%, 91%, 85%, 84%, and 82%, respectively. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-015 Full Text: PDF
Integration of Low-Cost GNSS and Multispectral Camera to Increase Oil Palm Position Accuracy and Health Monitoring Cahyadi, M. N.; Syariz, M. A.; Taufany, F.; Lisnawita, .; Wismaroh, S. S.; Kusumawardani, D.; Saputro, T. B.; Haq, F.; Laksmana, M. C.; Triawan, L. A.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-010

Abstract

The Global Navigation Satellite System facilitates efficient agricultural initiatives, resolving land ownership and precise plantation monitoring issues. The oil palm sector is deeply integrated into various economies due to the world's use in food supplies, cosmetics, and oil biodiesel production. However, local farmers have trouble managing the plantation’s condition and land ownership due to the underdeveloped modern technology at their disposal. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was employed in order to assess the NDVI camera oil palm tree growth, utilizing a MAPIR Survey3 RGN Multispectral Camera integrated with red, green, and near IR sensors. Images were taken directly on the surface level to enable focused analysis on the palm trees. This included the use of an MPAR calibration ground target placed beside the leaves for data accuracy and an operator that held the camera to the trees. Utilizing this strategy allowed for a more intricate and detailed analysis of each oil palm tree, and due to the coordination of the trees, aerial images were produced to create a detailed image. Low-cost GNSS instruments alongside RTK technology were employed in determining the coordinate position of the oil palm trees. Considerable relationships were found between NDVI and content in chlorophyll: NDVI-G and Chl a (r = 0.679), NDVI-B and Chl a (r = 0.618), and NDVI-B and Chl b(r = 0.657). The positional errors obtained varied within –0.105 to 0.166 meters for low-cost GNSS and –0.159 to 0.083 meters for geodetic GNSS, the latter recording the least MAE of 0.053. This research work found a cheap and accurate oil palm growth monitoring system using multispectral sensors. This method overcomes the technological gap of local farmers and provides an alternative strategy for the management of plantations. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-010 Full Text: PDF
A Comparative Study of Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Photogrammetry: Accuracy and Applications Zakaria, Mohamed H.; Fawzy, Hossam; El-Beshbeshy, Mohammed; Farhan, Magda
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-021

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Digital Close-Range Photogrammetry (DCRP) against traditional Total Station (TS) methods for 3D spatial documentation across a range from 8.00 meters to 2.00 mm. The analysis was conducted through three scenarios: Ground Control Points (GCPs), the Kafrelsheikh University Mosque, and Kafr El Sheikh Tanta Road. Paired t-tests and ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) across all variables, with TLS demonstrating superior precision. TLS deviations in linear distance measurements were as low as 2 mm compared to TS, while DCRP exhibited variations ranging from 0.02 m to 0.30 m depending on surface reflectivity and distance. Pearson correlation coefficients exceeded 0.95 for TLS across all axes (X, Y, Z), highlighting its reliability. DCRP, while slightly less consistent, showed minor variability, particularly in the Z-axis. For road crack measurements, TLS captured lengths ranging from 180 mm to 750 mm (mean = 501.417 mm, SD = 207.341 mm), which aligned closely with DCRP results (mean = 504.867 mm, SD = 204.455 mm). The mosque’s complex geometry showcased TLS's higher precision (ANOVA F = 15.78, p = 0.0001 for the Y-axis), while DCRP provided faster data acquisition and reduced costs. Both methods demonstrated significant statistical alignment, though TLS consistently outperformed DCRP in accuracy, especially for intricate structures requiring high precision. The findings emphasize the complementary strengths of TLS and DCRP, recommending their integration to achieve an optimal balance of accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Future research should focus on improving the precision of DCRP for detailed architectural and structural documentation while exploring hybrid techniques to enhance the reliability and scalability of 3D surveying methods. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-021 Full Text: PDF

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