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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 24 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November" : 24 Documents clear
A Comparative Study of PCA and KPCA for Groundwater Quality Index Estimation Abdelaziz, Shokry; Kheimi, Marwan; Eizeldin, Mohamed A. H.; Safi Ahmed, Hassan
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-02

Abstract

Groundwater quality assessment is crucial for ensuring human welfare and promoting sustainable economic development. This study evaluates the effectiveness of linear Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and nonlinear Kernel PCA (KPCA) in developing a reliable Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) for Qena, Egypt. Using ten hydrochemical parameters from seventy-three groundwater samples, we compare the performance of four kernel functions within the KPCA framework. The PCA-based GWQI classified 71.0% of samples as suitable for irrigation, closely aligning with the Wilcox Diagram classification (76.7%). In contrast, KPCA with linear, polynomial, sigmoid, and radial basis function kernels yielded suitability rates of 58.9%, 52.1%, 63.0%, and 58.9%, respectively. These values are consistent with USSL (53.4%) and Na% (53.4%) classifications. Notably, the sigmoid kernel in KPCA demonstrated stronger correlations with Key hydrochemical parameters, effectively capturing nonlinear data structures. These findings underscore the importance of accounting for nonlinearity in groundwater quality assessment and demonstrate the potential of KPCA to improve GWQI accuracy. This comparative analysis highlights KPCA’s superiority over PCA for nonlinear datasets, providing enhanced tools for groundwater management and more reliable quality evaluations.
Shear Strength of One-Way Slabs Subjected to Concentrated Loads Al-Bayati, Ahmed F.; Farhan, Omar S.; M. Taki, Zahir Noori
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-013

Abstract

Reinforced concrete (RC) one-way slabs without transverse reinforcement are found extensively in bridge constructions. In the presence of concentrated loads (CLs) close to the supports, the shear strength (SS) of such slabs is usually determined using design expressions provided by the codes of practice that were derived originally from tests performed on beams or one-way slabs that were loaded along their entire width, which are inconsistent with the actual shear failure mechanism of one-way slabs under CLs. This paper presents an empirical SS model developed using the gene expression programming method (GEP), where the SS is related to six influencing parameters. The proposed model is derived employing the test results of 238 RC one-way slabs that experienced shear failure from the literature. The accuracy of the proposed model is measured using several statistical indices and compared with the existing shear design methods. The GEP model agreed favorably with the test results. The GEP model was also employed to conduct a parametric study for further validation and sensitivity analysis to define the contribution of input parameters to the SS. The parametric study demonstrated the efficiency of the GEP model in replicating the physical behavior, and the sensitivity analysis revealed that the SS is sensitive to the concrete strength and the shear span-effective depth ratio.
Assessment of Soil Shear Strength Parameters: Insights from Direct Shear and Direct Simple Shear Testing Kalumba, Denis; Babalola, Zainab; Aneke, Frank; Chebet, Faridah; Sobhee-Beetu, Laxmee
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-019

Abstract

The direct shear test is widely used to determine shear strength parameters ( ) of soil. However, its validity has been questioned due to several issues, such as uneven stress distribution, the creation of a predetermined failure plane, lateral constraints, difficulties in controlling drainage conditions, and limitations in measuring pore water pressure, which is essential for understanding soil behaviour under different conditions over time. This study addresses these concerns by comparing the shear strength parameters obtained from a direct shear test (DST) and a direct, simple shear test (DSST). To further explore these issues, a fully automated universal shear device was used to perform shear tests on clay, sand, and composite soil (clay + sand), covering both consolidated and shear phases of DST and DSST. Specimens were fabricated at their optimal moisture content, and the composite soil was developed by mixing clay with sand in proportions of 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the mass of sand. This research aims to clarify the relationship between these two testing methodologies through comprehensive testing and to enhance the knowledge of the principal mechanism of the 2 tests. The findings revealed that the DST yielded higher shear strength values than the DSST results. It was also observed that the friction angle of sand specimens generally decreased with the addition of clay for both tests. Additionally, the the kaolinite soil in DST and DSST, decreased in the sand as the clay contents increased.
Fragility Assessment of Cable-Stayed Bridge Towers Under Scaled Earthquakes Mamdouh, Nouran; Attia, Walid A.; Elbayomy, Mohamed S.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-011

Abstract

Cable-stayed bridges exhibit exceptional vulnerability to seismic excitation, particularly under combined vertical and horizontal ground motions in tectonically active regions. This study characterizes the seismic fragility of cable-stayed bridge towers using comprehensive probabilistic assessment methodologies. The framework integrates fragility curve development and Monte Carlo simulation, employing 30 earthquake ground motion records to construct robust statistical models of structural response. Fragility functions quantify the probability of exceeding predefined damage states across varying seismic intensity measures, while Monte Carlo analyses capture the stochastic nature of behavior and highlight response clustering around mean performance levels for distinct classifications. The findings reveal pronounced structural vulnerabilities within cable-stayed bridge systems, shaped by both epistemic and aleatory uncertainties that may lead to progressive collapse under extreme seismic events. Computational results indicate that although responses converge statistically around expected values, considerable scatter persists across limit states. For instance, at Sa(T1) = 1.0 g, exceedance probabilities diverge significantly: OP is almost certain (>99.9%), IO reaches 86.5%, DC 46.9%, and CP only 10.9%. Under more severe shaking (2.0 g), DC exceedance exceeds 98%, while CP remains 31%, illustrating substantial variability in fragility across thresholds. These results underscore the urgent need for improved seismic design philosophies in cable-stayed infrastructure within hazardous environments. The research advances bridge engineering practice by clarifying fundamental vulnerability mechanisms and guiding the development of innovative material systems, retrofit strategies, and structural health monitoring protocols aimed at enhancing seismic resilience.
Shrinkage Characteristics and Abrasion Resistance of Porcelain Waste-Based Geopolymers Mortar Under Chemical Exposure Klingsad, Rada; Israngkura Na Ayudhya, Borvorn
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-012

Abstract

This study investigated microstructural analyses, dry shrinkage, and autogenous shrinkage of mortar using defective sanitary ware porcelain as a low-calcium material with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃). Additionally, the abrasive resistance of concrete was examined under chemical corrosion environments of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% H₂SO₄, HCl, and MgSO₄. The microstructural analyses using XRF, DTA-TGA, and SEM were conducted at 28 days. For specimen preparation, mortar specimens were oven-cured for 2 h at 105°C, while concrete specimens were oven-cured for 24 h and air-cured for 28 days before undergoing chemical immersion at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60, and 90 days. NaOH concentrations of 8, 10, 12, and 14 Molar (M) were used. The results indicated that shrinkage in porcelain-based geopolymer mortars increased with higher NaOH concentration, and increasing the initial curing temperature led to increased mortar shrinkage. The autogenous shrinkage of 14M alkali-activated porcelain mortar was found to be higher than that of 8M, 10M, and 12M NaOH concentration mortars. Additionally, increasing the NaOH concentration reduced the abrasive resistance of the concrete. The maximum weight loss values were 8.21%, 6.91%, and 0.96% for 20% H₂SO₄ (90 days immersion), HCl (90 days immersion), and 20% MgSO₄ (90 days immersion), respectively. The microstructural findings confirmed the formation of gel-intact phases, highlighting the importance of curing time and NaOH concentration in low-calcium binder material. This study emphasized the critical role of curing temperature in optimizing the mechanical and durability properties of defective sanitary ware porcelain-based geopolymer.
BIM-Based Integrated Model for Project Cost Estimation: A Case Study for Concrete Elements Elsheikh, Asser; Saqr, Abdullah; Motawa, Ibrahim
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-021

Abstract

Construction projects often struggle to align design models, cost estimates, and scheduling processes. To address this challenge, this study presents an integrated 5D BIM model that automates cost and schedule estimation by linking 3D BIM components to a structured database of historical productivity and activity data. A unique coding system connects each BIM object to its corresponding construction tasks, enabling automatic generation of resource-loaded schedules with associated durations, costs, and crews based on the selected construction method. The workflow integrates Autodesk Revit, Navisworks, a relational (SQL) database, and Primavera P6 to achieve seamless interoperability across design, estimating, and scheduling tools. The model is validated through a case study of a six-story reinforced concrete building. Findings show that the approach significantly improves estimation, accuracy, and efficiency. Predicted costs closely match actual values, thereby reducing dispersion among estimates. The automated process minimizes manual data handling while keeping cost and schedule outputs synchronized. Novel contributions include the incorporation of detailed historical productivity data, construction method alternatives, and structured cost/activity records into a unified framework, representing a methodological advance in 5D BIM that bridges the design, estimating, and scheduling domains for more reliable and automated project planning.
Sizing Optimization of Trusses Using Elitist Stepped Distribution Algorithm Türkezer, Mehmet; Altun, Murat; Pekcan, Onur; Hasançebi, Oğuzhan
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-05

Abstract

This study investigates the efficiency of the recently developed Elitist Stepped Distribution Algorithm (ESDA) as a metaheuristic framework for truss sizing optimization. ESDA builds upon the Cross-Entropy Method by introducing an elitist stepped sampling strategy that improves the balance between exploration and exploitation during the search process. To evaluate its effectiveness, ESDA is applied to a comprehensive test suite comprising seven benchmark truss optimization problems that cover a wide range of sizes, design variables, loading conditions, and constraint types. In all cases, the objective is to minimize structural weight while satisfying stress, displacement, and stability requirements. Numerical experiments are conducted with the proposed method, and the results are compared with those algorithms reported in the literature. The findings show that ESDA attains new best or near-best solutions for large-scale problems such as the 117-bar cantilever, 130-bar transmission tower, 354-bar dome, and 942-bar tower trusses, while also producing competitive results for the 25-bar, 72-bar, and 200-bar structures with relatively modest computational effort. The novelty of this work lies in demonstrating the robustness, efficiency, and scalability of ESDA across diverse benchmarks, highlighting its potential for future structural optimization applications.
Predicting the UCS of Industrial Byproduct-Based CLSM Using Machine Learning and Experiments Singh, Chandan K.; Kumar, Divesh R.; Lini Dev, K.; Wipulanusat, Warit
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-04

Abstract

This study investigated the development of sustainable Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) using industrial by-products pond ash, fly ash, and red mud as alternatives to conventional concrete constituents. This research employs a dual methodology: comprehensive experimental testing aligned with ASTM standards and the implementation of advanced machine learning (ML) techniques to predict the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of CLSM mixes. Experimental datasets, generated through the variation of key material and mix design parameters, were utilized to train ensemble-based supervised ML models, including ADAboost, XGBoost, gradient boosting machine (GBM), and random forest (RF). A comparative performance evaluation was conducted, and the XGBoost model emerged as the most accurate predictor, achieving R² values of 0.969 for training and 0.933 for testing, surpassing GBM, ADAboost, and RF across multiple performance indicators. The optimal model was subsequently embedded into a graphical user interface (GUI) for UCS prediction. A sensitivity analysis based on the XGBoost model revealed that cement, water, and curing age were the most influential parameters affecting UCS, with cement exhibiting the highest impact value of 0.86 and a relative contribution of 19%. These findings emphasize the significance of these variables in strength development and mix optimization. The integration of experimental validation with predictive modeling not only advances the understanding of CLSM behavior but also underscores the utility of ML in the formulation of sustainable construction materials. This research supports the beneficial reuse of industrial waste, aligns with environmental sustainability goals, and provides an efficient and reliable tool for CLSM mix design.
The Role of Recycled Plastic Bottles in Enhancing Asphalt Longevity Al-Tuwayyij, Husham; Al-Mukaram, Noorance; Ali, Atheer M.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-09

Abstract

Producing “green” pavement is important in decreasing the negative effects of plastic on the environment and ensuring sustainable resource management. Because many worldwide strategies are aimed at reducing the use of plastic, this work studies a recycled polymer concrete modified by a defined amount of recycled plastic waste in asphalt. The specimens were prepared with a maximum optimal asphalt content using ±0.5% of the optimum level. The logic indicated that 11% plastic waste can be used as an alternative to the coarse aggregate. Experimental tests were carried out to examine moisture damage, short- and long-term aging, and compressive strength (rutting resistance). The measured properties were ITS, resilient modulus, and permanent deformation of the first load cycle and after 1200 load cycles using the PRLS device. In aging experiments, the resilient modulus was found to increase by 118% during the first cycle and by 40% after 1200 cycles. The decrease in permanent deformation was 40% and 48.5% after the first load cycle and after 1200 cycles, respectively. The results obtained in the moisture susceptibility test were within the required limit. Finally, the compressive strength of samples with asphalt content of 4.0%, 4.5%, and 5% was found to be 3660, 4120, and 2900 kPa, respectively. This achievement indicates the advantages of utilizing plastic waste in road construction to develop sustainable asphalt concrete with improved mechanical properties and reduced environmental impact, especially in hot climates such as Iraq, where it would be beneficial for rutting-sensitive roads.
Bio-Based Modification of Natural Rubber-Modified Asphalt Using Hard Resin from Yang Sinthorn, Poramin; Tirapat, Supakorn; Katekaew, Somporn; Wongsa, Ampol; Posi, Patcharapol; Thongchom, Chanachai; Chindaprasirt, Prinya
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-018

Abstract

This study investigates the potential of hard resin derived from the Yang tree (HY), a renewable bio-based byproduct, as a performance-enhancing additive in natural rubber-modified asphalt (NRMA). HY-modified binders (HYMA) containing 3%, 7%, and 15% HY by weight were evaluated through a multi-scale experimental program, including physical, rheological, thermal, chemical, and mechanical tests. Standard binder characterizations (penetration, ductility, softening point, viscosity), spectroscopic analyses (FT-IR, NMR), microstructural observations (ESEM, XRD), thermal profiling (DSC), and performance assessments (DSR, Marshall) were conducted. The results demonstrated that HY improved binder properties at optimal concentration by introducing additional hydrocarbon structures without chemical cross-linking. HYMA3 achieved the most favorable balance of stiffness, flexibility, and compaction efficiency, whereas higher HY contents (≥7%) impaired structural integrity and deformation resistance. Microstructural and thermal evidence confirmed surface modifications and altered thermal transitions, which influenced viscoelastic response. These findings provide new insights into bio-resin–asphalt interactions and establish the viability of HY as a sustainable alternative to synthetic polymer modifiers. Beyond performance improvement, HY promotes circular construction by transforming agricultural byproducts into functional pavement materials, supporting the development of climate-adaptive infrastructure.

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