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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 23 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February" : 23 Documents clear
Structural Performance of Circular Hollow Steel Damper with Fins and Gaps Aritonang, Tobok S. M.; Satyarno, Iman; Awaludin, Ali; Setiawan, Angga F.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-03

Abstract

Prior studies have shown that fin reinforcement on a circular hollow steel damper (CHSD) could mitigate buckling and enhance shear strength. However, in bridge applications, repeated vibrations from lateral traffic loads and low-frequency cyclic actions may cause premature energy dissipation and fatigue damage, thus reducing the seismic performance of CHSD during design-level earthquakes. To address this issue, this study integrates fins and gaps into CHSD to enhance stability against buckling and to mitigate fatigue-induced damage. The CHSD specimens were fabricated in three variations: without fins, with fins, and with fins and gaps. Cyclic loading tests and nonlinear finite element analyses were conducted to evaluate their effects on mechanical properties and seismic performance. Cyclic loading was performed in accordance with the AISC 341-22 protocol and applied at 0° and 30° to simulate multidirectional lateral forces. The cyclic test results reveal that the addition of fins exhibits both beneficial and adverse effects on the mechanical properties and seismic performance of CHSD, while the gap reduces the equivalent viscous damping ratio. The backbone curves derived from the numerical analyses agree well with experimental results. Furthermore, the damper shear resistance and deformation capacity are delayed by the presence of gaps, mitigating fatigue-related damage.
AI-Driven Shear Capacity Model of Steel Studs in Composite Structural Systems Hanoon, Ammar N.; Abdulhameed, Haider A.; Abdulhameed, Ali A.; Hason, Mahir M.; Abbas, Rafaa M.; Mansi, Aseel S.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-04

Abstract

In composite steel-concrete structures, shear connectors in the form of headed steel studs are commonly utilized to transfer longitudinal shear force developed at the interface between the two materials. To overcome the shortcomings of design codes, which frequently understate shear capacity and fail to take advantage of sophisticated computational methods, this paper presents an optimization attempt to estimate the shear strength of headed steel studs utilizing the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) technique using MATLAB software. Data from 234 experimental tests are employed to identify and highlight key input parameters influencing the shear strength of headed steel studs. These key parameters include concrete compressive strength (f’c), diameter (D), and tensile strength of the steel stud shank (fu). After identifying and examining the limits of the experimental data, the proposed model has been developed using about 80% of the mixed raw dataset. The remaining 20% of the raw data is utilized to validate the proposed model. The predicted shear strength of headed steel studs closely matched the experimental results. This research offers an innovative strategy to measure the steel stud's shear capacity employing GWO, showing the current code's limitations. The GWO model showed excellent accuracy in predicting the shear strength with an R-value of 0.9922, indicating that the predicted value is in good agreement with experimental observations. Interestingly, the model's mean absolute error with 100 wolves in the GWO method was only 7.51%, showing the proposed model provides an improvement in shear capacity forecasting for practical structural engineering applications.
Performance Evaluation and Model of GFRP Reinforced Concrete Filled GFRP Tube Column under Accelerated Aging Prachasaree, Woraphot; Ouiseng, Jakrawa; Hawa, Abideng; Intarit, Pong-in; Wangapisit, Ornkamon; Limkatanyu, Suchart
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-013

Abstract

Conventional reinforced concrete structures exposed to aggressive environments show a risky tendency toward performance degradation due to concrete deterioration and reinforcement corrosion. Consequently, the use of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials in concrete structures as one of the alternative potential materials for mitigating serious durability issues in structural applications has gained increasing acceptance. The study aims to evaluate the performance and durability of GFRP-reinforced concrete-filled GFRP tube columns under accelerated aging. Three different column specimens, 1) GFRC-F-GFT, 2) GFRC, and 3) C-F-GFT, were immersed under water at 80°C for 12 hrs (wet phase), followed by specimen placement above water at ambient room temperature for 12 hrs (dry phase) in each aging cycle. The behavior and performance of the specimens were experimentally investigated through uniaxial compressive loading. The experimental results were evaluated to develop a strength capacity model that incorporated the environmental exposure effect through the strength reduction factors (C0, h1, and h2). To establish the correlation between accelerated and natural aging, field investigation data under the tropical marine environment and the simplified time-invariant model were utilized to predict structural performance. Based on this study, the GFRC-F-GFT specimen degradation under accelerated wet-dry aging at 290 cycles can reduce axial column capacity up to 50%, which is equivalent to the predicted degradation under a natural tropical marine environment over 50 years.
Evaluating Rainfall Effects on Soil Parameters and Slope Stability Using Hydrology Procedure (HP26) Omar, Heryanti Awang; Nasir, Nur Fazielah; Rosly, Mohammad Haziq; Mohamad, Habib Musa; Majain, Nelly; Afizah Asman, Nurul Shahadahtul
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-018

Abstract

Rainfall-induced slope failures are a major geohazard in tropical regions, often triggered by intense or prolonged rainfall that alters soil strength and pore water pressure conditions. This study evaluates the effects of rainfall duration on slope stability in Kota Belud and Ranau, Sabah, by applying Hydrology Procedure 26 (HP26) rainfall data with numerical modelling using SEEP/W and SLOPE/W under the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM). Soil parameters were derived from site investigations, with strength values including cohesion (0.5-9.7 kPa) and friction angle (25.7°-30°). The results showed that short-duration rainfall (1 hour) had minimal impact on stability, while prolonged (24-hour) rainfall significantly increased pore water pressure, reducing the factor of safety (FOS) by 25-30%. A localized weak zone in Ranau was identified, with cohesion decreasing from 7 kPa to 5 kPa between 7.4 m and 13.5 m depth, corresponding to potential slip surfaces. Findings align with previous research on infiltration-driven failures, but this study demonstrates the practical use of HP26 rainfall design data for tropical slope analysis. The novelty lies in linking rainfall duration, soil-water interactions, and FOS reduction through a standardized rainfall procedure, providing a framework for improved slope risk assessment in rainfall-prone terrains.
Stiffness Degradation Effects on Seismic Behavior of RC Frame Structures Pham, Phu-Anh-Huy; Nguyen, Tan-Phat; Nguyen, Ngoc-Han
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-011

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of stiffness degradation on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures, focusing on global response parameters including roof lateral displacement ratio (Δ/H), fundamental period (T1), and internal force redistribution. Nonlinear finite element analyses were conducted in SAP2000 for three representative RC frames (3-, 10-, and 20-story), considering beam-only, column-only, and combined stiffness degradation scenarios. The analytical framework integrates theoretical derivations of effective stiffness models with response-spectrum-based simulations, following the provisions of Vietnamese code (TCVN 9386:2012) and American code (ACI 318-25), as well as the formulations proposed by Paulay & Priestley, Elwood & Eberhard, and Tran & Li. The results reveal a clear height-dependent and nonlinear relationship between stiffness degradation and seismic response. In low-rise frames, beam stiffness reduction primarily governs lateral deformation, whereas column stiffness degradation dominates the dynamic behavior and internal force concentration in medium- and high-rise systems. When the effective stiffness ratio falls below EId/EIg = 0.5, roof drift and fundamental period increase sharply, and internal forces at the column base (M and Q) are amplified, leading to excessive deformation and potential instability. Among the models examined, the Tran & Li formulation provided the highest accuracy and stability when validated against experimental data. The findings emphasize that column stiffness should not be reduced below 50% of the gross section stiffness in high-rise frames to maintain acceptable vibration periods and control lateral drift. The novelty of this work lies in quantifying the nonlinear, height-dependent influence of stiffness degradation across multiple structural parameters, bridging the gap between component-level deterioration and system-level seismic performance. The results provide height-sensitive insights for improving nonlinear seismic analysis and performance-based design of RC frame buildings.
Compressive Strength and Acid Resistance of Fly Ash Based One-Part Geopolymer Abdulmatin, Akkadath; Dueramae, Saofee; Benchaphong, Apai; Thongraksa, Apiwish; Pethrung, Sirichai
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-021

Abstract

This research studied the properties of one-part geopolymer mortar using a binder from high calcium fly ash. Sodium metasilicate (SM) and sodium hydroxide (SH) were used as solid alkali activators at ratios of 1:1 and 1:2. This study focused on the effect of the dosage and the solid ratio of the alkali activator from SM and SH for the potential to produce a one-part geopolymer. The compressive strength and corrosion resistance of mortar due to sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid were investigated. The results showed that using a high amount of sodium metasilicate and sodium hydroxide could enhance the development of compressive strength. The fly ash-based one-part geopolymer using sodium metasilicate and sodium hydroxide (SM: NH) at a ratio of 1:1 at 18% achieved the highest compressive strength of 13.3 MPa at 60 days. For the acid attack, it was found that the fly ash-based one-part geopolymer mortar using SM: NH at a ratio of 1:1 had a lower weight change than a ratio of 1:2 after immersion in sulfuric acid. Meanwhile, the fly ash-based one-part geopolymer mortar with SM: NH at a ratio of 1:2 showed higher resistance to hydrochloric acid than at a ratio of 1:1.
Effect of Dike Width on Pore Pressure and Water Content Evolution During Overtopping Conditions Hassan, Marwan A.; Shaalan, Heyam H.; Al-Deewan, Hayder A. O.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-016

Abstract

The failure of dike embankments due to overtopping flow plays a crucial role in understanding the mechanisms behind dike erosion, which is essential for effective disaster mitigation. The "SLIDE" program was used to analyze the transient response of pore water pressure (PWP) and volumetric water content (VWC) within a homogeneous coarse sand bed. The authors have previously examined the use of seepage-control elements in 3D simulations of embankment breach failures due to overtopping, conducted in laboratory flumes at the University of Science of Malaysia. In this study, pore water pressure (PWP) and volumetric water content (VWC) were measured at various points beneath the crest and along both the upstream and downstream slopes for three different dike crest widths: 7 cm, 12 cm, and 18 cm. This paper also presents a factor of safety (FOS) analysis across the unsaturated–saturated zones within the dike embankment during the events of overtopping moments until full saturation of the downstream slope. The results indicate that increases in both PWP and VWC occurred across all test groups along the slopes. Narrower crest widths led to higher pore water pressure at the onset of overtopping, while wider crest widths resulted in increased pore pressure toward the end of the erosion process. A reduction in the factor of safety was observed along the crest and downstream slope. However, in dikes with wider crest widths, the length of the embankment decreased due to prolonged flow discharge through the downstream toe and remnants of the upstream slope. The transient flow and slope stability results provide new insights into the coupled hydromechanical behavior of dike soil during overtopping events.
An Automated Framework for Benthic Habitat Classification and Segmentation Based on Deep Learning Algorithms Mohamed, Hassan; Nadaoka , Kazuo
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-022

Abstract

Although benthic habitats represent some of the largest, most diverse, and productive ecosystems on Earth with great environmental, and economical value, they are increasingly threatened and declining in many locations worldwide. Every year, numerous underwater images are collected for monitoring these habitats. Still, the manual labelling process remains tedious and time-consuming, creating a huge gap between data collection and extraction of meaningful information. In this study, an automated framework is proposed for single-label classification and semantic segmentation of benthic habitats using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The framework integrates and evaluates various pre-trained CNNs, bagging of features (BOF), color spaces, and texture descriptors for benthic habitat classification. Furthermore, the classified images served as training and validation samples to assess the semantic segmentation performance of pre-trained CNNs with different architectures (e.g., ResNet-50, AlexNet, Xception, etc.). Both high- and low-quality underwater images of benthic habitats collected from six diverse study areas located off Australia and Japan were used to evaluate the proposed framework. The analysis revealed that the ResNet-50 FC1000 combined with BOF, color space, and texture attributes yielded the highest automatic classification accuracy. Moreover, the ResNet-50 network outperformed all the tested networks for automatic semantic segmentation of benthic habitats. Overall, the presented framework enhanced the automation of benthic habitat classification and semantic segmentation processes.
Stakeholder-Based Risk Analysis in Post-Disaster Housing Projects: Toward Improved Risk Management Practices Malahayati, Nurul; Munirwansyah; Syamsidik
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-07

Abstract

Reconstructing housing after a disaster is a demanding and intricate process, particularly when managing risks that affect project delivery timelines. The community-based approach, widely adopted in Indonesia, seeks to foster local participation but is often hindered by implementation challenges. This study aims to identify and analyse the critical risks contributing to delays in community-driven housing reconstruction projects in Pidie Jaya Regency, Aceh, Indonesia, as perceived by stakeholders. Research variables were developed sequentially through a literature review, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and questionnaires. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining thematic analysis with descriptive statistics and indices, such as the frequency index (FI), severity index (SI), and risk importance index (RII). Seventy-one risk variables were identified, including 17 newly documented risks not previously addressed in the literature. Three variables were found to be particularly significant: shortage of facilitators, limited labour availability, and insufficient community construction skills. The findings contribute theoretically by broadening the understanding of operational risks during the construction phase and offer practical guidance for policymakers in developing more effective mitigation strategies, with implications for other developing nations utilising community-based reconstruction.
Ensemble and Hybrid Machine Learning Models for Seasonal Water Consumption Forecasting Under Climate Variability Rajballie, Aruna; Tripathi, Vrijesh; Tyagi, Shikhar; Chinchamee, Amarnath
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-019

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to improve the forecasting of monthly water consumption under climate variability by combining ensemble and hybrid modelling with a season-aware design. Monthly consumption and meteorological data from 2003 to 2024 were utilized in this study. Four models were evaluated: (i) a stacking ensemble with STL-trend plus residual learning; (ii) a hybrid machine-learning–physics model with differentially-evolved weights; and (iii–iv) season-specific stacked models for wet and dry periods. Robustness was assessed with time-aware validation and residual diagnostics (Shapiro–Wilk, Breusch–Pagan, Durbin–Watson, Ljung–Box). The findings indicate that across models, ensembles captured nonlinear climate–demand variations while maintaining linear structure. The ensemble and hybrid model achieved strong accuracy with low errors while the season-specific models attained high fit (wet R²≈0.998; dry R²≈0.991) with stable residual behavior. Sensitivity to temperature and humidity aligns with expected physical behavior. Precipitation shows a diminishing-returns effect on water use, where moderate rainfall leads to higher consumption, while heavy rainfall tends to reduce demand. The framework innovatively combines decomposition-assisted stacking, physics-informed hybridization, and seasonal ensemble modelling. Overall, the approach provides highly accurate, interpretable, and climate-aware water demand forecasts for tropical regions, offering a practical basis for utility-scale implementation.

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