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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 24 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April" : 24 Documents clear
Assessment of Pollution Linked to Surface-Active Materials and Nutrients in Lotic Ecosystem Rana R. Al-Ani; Zahraa Z. Al-Janabi; Fikrat M. Hassan; Abdul-Hameed M. Jawad Al-Obaidy; Ali N. Al-Aamel; Ahmed Al-Taie
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-016

Abstract

The Tigris River is one of the main rivers and an important resource for the population of Iraq. The present study aimed to quantify the concentration of surface-active substances in the Tigris River and to investigate the dynamics of this ecosystem. Five sampling sites were selected along the river within Baghdad city (Al-Muthanna Bridge, Al-Greaat Bridge, Al-Sarrafia Bridge, Al-Jadriyah Bridge, and Al-Za'franiya Area) for the period from July 2020 to April 2021. The study examined the relationship between the concentrations of surface-active materials (surfactants, including anionic and nonionic types) and their potential interaction with nutrients—nitrate (NO₃⁻), phosphate (PO₄), and sulfate (SO₄²⁻)—as well as the influence of various physicochemical water parameters on surfactant concentrations. The results of the descriptive analysis of water parameters during the dry and wet seasons showed variations and elevated concentrations of some parameters beyond permissible limits, such as TDS, NO₃⁻, PO₄, SO₄²⁻, and DO. According to the OIP analysis, only Site 2 (Al-Greaat Bridge) was classified as polluted (Class-C4) during the wet season (6.58), while the other sites were categorized as slightly polluted (Class-C3) in both dry and wet seasons. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that PO₄, TDS, and NO₃⁻ were the most influential parameters and had a strong positive relationship with anionic surfactants. Regarding temporal variation, higher values of TDS, NO₃⁻, PO₄, SO₄²⁻, and DO were observed during the dry season. This reflects the impact of human activities (agriculture, industrial discharge, and sewage effluents) and natural processes (rainfall, evaporation, and biological activity) on the water quality of the Tigris River. Therefore, the Tigris River faces significant water quality challenges due to both anthropogenic and natural factors. Effective management strategies are essential to mitigate these impacts and protect the health of the river ecosystem and the communities that depend on it. The findings of this study align with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, which focuses on clean water and sanitation.
Performance Assessment of Secant Pile Walls in Deep Excavations Using 3D Numerical Modeling and Monitoring Data Indra Noer Hamdhan; Masyhur Irsyam; Agus Himawan; Sinatra Prasetyo; Rinaldi Alamsyah
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-015

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the deformation behavior and internal forces of a secant pile retaining system used for deep excavation at the Sentiong Water Pump House project in North Jakarta. A three-dimensional numerical analysis was conducted using PLAXIS 3D to simulate excavation stages, groundwater conditions, and construction sequences, including secant pile installation, dewatering, strut and ground anchor installation, and structural loading. Soil parameters were derived from field and laboratory investigations and calibrated using inclinometer monitoring data. The analysis results indicate that the maximum horizontal deformation on the north side of the excavation reached 30.60 mm during the pre-stressing of the second ground anchor, which slightly exceeded the allowable limit specified in SNI 8460:2017. On the south side, the maximum horizontal deformation reached 126.3 mm during ground anchor installation, significantly exceeding the permissible deformation limit. These results demonstrate that while the secant pile system on the north side performed near the allowable threshold, the south-side retaining system exhibited insufficient stiffness and stability under combined excavation and groundwater effects. The novelty of this study lies in the integration of detailed construction-stage modeling, field monitoring calibration, and direct evaluation against national deformation criteria, providing practical insights for improving secant pile design and excavation safety in soft soil and high groundwater conditions.
A Comparative Evaluation of Indonesia and China's Flood Risk Assessment and Disaster Risk Reduction Planning Arno A. Kuntoro; Reini D. Wirahadikusumah; Patria Kusumaningrum; Ahmad Nur Wahid; Iqbal F. Herlambang; Xu Lilai; Krishna S. Pribadi; Eliza R. Puri; Rusmawan Suwarman; Aden Firdaus; Roi Milyardi; Kevin Immanuel
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-010

Abstract

Floods are the most frequent disasters caused by combinations of natural and anthropogenic factors. Given the increasing intensity and frequency of floods, especially in Asian mega-urban regions, effective Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) strategies are critical. This study presents a comparative evaluation of the national flood risk assessment methods in Indonesia and China, followed by a flood risk map analysis calculated using the Chinese and Indonesian standards for flood risk assessment, specifically for a case study in Bandung City, Indonesia. We found that the Chinese standard method produces a broader spatial identification of high flood risk areas, influenced by rainfall intensity and topography, which better represents pluvial flood risks. Meanwhile, the Indonesian method produces localized high flood risk near rivers, which better represents fluvial flood risks. In the case study of Bandung City, the occurrence of pluvial floods was more dominant than fluvial floods. Therefore, the spatial accuracy of the Chinese method was slightly higher than the Indonesian method. The study emphasizes the importance of a national flood assessment method that balances accuracy, data availability, computational resources, and local/regional characteristics to cope with the increasing risk in urbanized flood-prone areas.
Scientometric Review of Cement-Less Ultra-High-Performance Concrete: Trends, Innovations, and Future Research Directions Ali Ejaz; Anat Ruangrassamee; Muhammad J. Iqbal; Mitsuyasu Iwanami
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-024

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive scientometric review of cement-less ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) with the objective of identifying research trends, key contributors, dominant themes, and critical knowledge gaps in this emerging field. A systematic bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Scopus database, from which 59 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2014 and 2024 were selected following rigorous screening criteria. Scientometric mapping was performed using VOSviewer to analyze publication trends, keyword co-occurrence, leading journals, influential authors, and active research regions. The findings reveal a sharp increase in research output after 2020, reflecting growing interest in geopolymer-based UHPC due to sustainability concerns. Existing studies predominantly focus on mechanical properties, particularly compressive strength and steel fiber reinforcement, while durability-related aspects such as corrosion resistance, fire performance, and long-term structural behavior remain underexplored. Higher sand-to-binder ratios (up to 0.8) were found to improve packing density and mechanical performance, achieving compressive strengths up to 160.7 MPa, while silica fume contents around 30% enhanced compressive strength by approximately 25% and fracture energy by nearly 50%. The novelty of this work lies in being the first dedicated scientometric assessment of cement-less UHPC, providing a quantitative overview of research evolution while systematically highlighting critical gaps and future research directions to support its effective structural application.
Seismic Performance of Pile Slab Bridges with Variations in the Number of Lateral Pile Configurations Alex Kurniawandy; F. R. Sihombing; Ismeddiyanto
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-06

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the seismic performance of pile slab bridge structures in Riau Province as a mitigation measure against the high rate of bridge damage reported by Bina Marga in 2023, totaling 366 bridges with varying levels of deterioration. The analysis was conducted using the nonlinear static pushover method on three pile slab bridge models with five, six, and seven pile configurations to assess the influence of pile quantity on structural capacity. Structural modeling and analysis were performed using finite element–based software to obtain capacity curves, lateral displacements, and performance points in both X and Y directions. The results show that increasing the number of piles from five to seven enhances base shear capacity by up to 12% in the X-direction and 14% in the Y-direction, while lateral displacement and drift ratio increase by 7% and 9%, respectively. However, the five-pile model reached a plastic state at the performance point, with plastic hinges remaining within the Operational–Life Safety limit, indicating safe deformability under seismic loads. This research contributes a comparative evaluation of lateral pile configurations in pile slab bridge seismic performance, which has not previously been analyzed in the case of bridges in Riau Province.
Analysis of Rainfall and Runoff Flood Frequency Based on Statistical and Hydrological Models Mohammed M. Ahmed; Abdul-Sahib T. Al-Madhhachi; Alaa M. Al-Lami
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-020

Abstract

This study aims to design ten-hour rainfall and runoff storms using the Chicago, Weibull, and Gumbel models for periods of 2, 10, 25, and 100 years of the planned dam in the Makhoul Basin of northern Iraq. The design storms are based on thirty years of historical data on flow rates from Mosul Dam, Dukan Dam, the Greater Zab, and the Little Zab Streams, as well as rainfall data from stations in Kirkuk, Mosul, Baiji, and Tikrit, from 1994 to 2024. Intensity-duration-frequency curves, along with the Chicago method, were employed to design the rainfall storms. The planning of the Makhoul Dam Basin is influenced by the diverse characteristics of incoming water from multiple sources, including the Greater and Little Zab Streams and the Tigris River. The analysis indicates a significant increase in discharge volume for the 100-year return period at Mosul Dam, which has the highest discharge rate of 3,000 m³/s, while the maximum discharge at Dukan Dam does not exceed 800 m³/s. The study concludes that constructing the Makhoul Dam in the near future is essential for managing floods resulting from heavy rainfall and runoff exacerbated by climate change, particularly given the lack of control over the Greater Zab Stream.
Effect of Mixing Sequence on Properties and Fibre Dispersion of Glass Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Mortar Affif M. Sapawi; Abraham H. Bernard; Ahmad N. Rizalman; S. M. Iqbal S. Zainal; Guan Lin; Zhao Danwei; Rosalam Sarbatly
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-017

Abstract

Cementitious composites play a vital role in construction due to their favourable strength, durability, and workability. Nonetheless, these materials are susceptible to cracking. Although incorporating glass fibres has improved mechanical properties, achieving uniform fibre dispersion remains a significant challenge. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of mixing sequence on the engineering properties and fibre dispersion of glass fibre–reinforced cementitious mortars (GFRCMs). There were four mixing sequences including: four mixing sequences for glass fibre-reinforced cementitious mortars (GFRCMs): (i) S1(fibres were incorporated into dry mortar mixtures), (ii) S2 (fibres were incorporated into fresh mortar mixtures), (iii) S3 (fibres added alongside gradual water addition, (iv) S4 (fibres were included during incremental water additions). This study examined various properties in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard test methods, including compressive strength, hardened density, setting time, flowability, and flexural strength. Scanning electron microscopy and fibre-distance analysis were also employed to evaluate the fibre dispersion of the specimens. The results indicate that fibre addition reduced the flowability and shortened the setting time of the mortar, whereas improvements in hardened properties depended strongly on dispersion quality. The most uniform fibre distribution was observed in S4 (β = 0.685), resulting in maximum compressive and flexural strengths of 15.88 MPa and 10.39 MPa, respectively, at 28 days. The strong correlations observed between density and porosity (R² = 0.8035) and between density and compressive strength (R² = 0.8184) indicate that reduced void content and enhanced fibre distribution are key contributors to the observed performance gains. This work establishes relationships among mixing sequence, fibre dispersion, and key engineering properties to guide fibre-mixing processes in cementitious composites.
Study the Behavior of Asphalt Cement Modified by Different Types of Nanocarbons Sheelan A. Ahmed; Hirsh M. Majid
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-07

Abstract

Nanocarbon application as an asphalt cement modifier has revealed improved and satisfactory results in the rheological properties of modified asphalt cement. All previous studies examined the effect of one or more nanocarbons, regardless of the effect of nanosized and nanoparticle shapes on these results. Therefore, this study is meant to contribute to knowledge on the novelty of the effect of nanocarbon particle shapes for the modification of asphalt cement. For this purpose, three distinct nanocarbon forms—nano graphite (NGR) powder, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and nano carbon black powder (NCB)—are employed to modify asphalt cement, while restricting their nano dimension to small ranges (20–40 nm), and added with various dosage percentages (1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and 6% by weight of the binder). They were evaluated utilizing Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), rotational viscosity (RV), and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). The results showed that the performance of asphalt cement was enhanced by all varieties of nanocarbons employed in this investigation, and increasing the percentage of nanocarbons utilized to modify the asphalt also had a favorable effect. However, when comparing the performance of utilizing these different types of nanocarbons, MWCNTs performed best in terms of dispersion within the asphalt matrix, decreasing asphalt oxidation, reducing sensitivity to temperature changes, improving rheological properties, and increasing resistance to permanent deformation.
Influence of Rock Bolt Support Parameters on Geomechanical Stability and Methane Emission in Longwall Mine Workings R. Kamarov; Zh. Assanova; Sh. Zeitinova; Zh. Azimbayeva; J. Bogzhanova
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-013

Abstract

Under the conditions of the transition of the mines of the Karaganda Coal Basin to a high-productivity “mine–longwall” operating model, there is an increasing need to implement rational technologies for the development of mine workings that ensure higher drivage rates, reduced gas emission, and improved geomechanical stability of the rock mass. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of anchor support on the geomechanical and gas-dynamic state of the rock mass adjacent to the longwall mining area through a combination of field investigations and numerical flow modeling (ANSYS CFX), and to analyze the resulting properties of the side rocks and the stability of anchored mine workings. The research methodology included in situ observations under underground mining conditions, instrumental monitoring of roof displacement and rock stratification using KDM-1 and KDM-2 deformation control devices, analysis of outburst hazard indicators of the coal seam, and numerical simulation of methane distribution in mine workings using the Ansys CFX software package. The studies were carried out in development workings of the Kuzembayev Mine and the Saranskaya Mine at depths of 438–577 m. The results show that reducing the spacing between rock bolt rows to 0.5 m and increasing the bolt length to 2.4 m provides a reduction in vertical roof displacements to 5–30 mm and decreases absolute methane emission by 23%. The use of yielding rock bolt–frame support contributes to a reduction in the stress state of the rock mass, limits roof stratification, and eliminates manifestations of outburst hazard. The scientific novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive assessment of the relationship between rock bolt support parameters, the geomechanical condition of the rock mass, and gas emission, as well as in substantiating the effectiveness of yielding rock bolting systems in zones influenced by longwall mining under complex geological and mining conditions.
Evaluating Signal Processing Methods for Instantaneous Frequency Analysis in Time-Varying Mass Structures Chinnapat Buachart; Chayanon Hansapinyo; Teewara Suwan; Vanissorn Vimonsatit; Phung Tu; Worathep Sae-Long; Suchart Limkatanyu; Panatchai Chetchotisak
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-05

Abstract

Time-varying mass (TVM) structures exhibit complex dynamic phenomena but remain insufficiently investigated, particularly in the frequency domain. For example, granular discharge in silos generates vibrations due to rapid mass reduction, leading to nonlinear and non-stationary responses. This study aims to evaluate the capability of three common signal processing algorithms-Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), and Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT)-for analysing instantaneous frequency variations in TVM structures. The signals are first decomposed into mono-component modes and subsequently analyzed using the Hilbert transform to extract instantaneous frequency. The investigation is conducted in two stages: (i) numerical validation using an artificial nonlinear signal and a time-varying parameter SDOF system with known frequency histories, and (ii) application to experimental acceleration data obtained from sand discharge in a polycarbonate silo under noisy conditions. The findings show that EMD provides the most accurate frequency estimation for clean signals, whereas VMD and EWT demonstrate improved stability for experimental data with significant noise. The study provides a systematic comparison of decomposition-based instantaneous frequency methods in TVM structures and highlights the importance of appropriate method selection for safer and more reliable frequency-domain structural design.

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