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Reaktor

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Published by Universitas Diponegoro

ISSN : 08520798 EISSN : 24075973 DOI : https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.xx.x.xx-xx

Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Control & Systems Engineering Energy Materials Science & Nanotechnology

Reaktor invites contributions of original and novel fundamental research. Reaktor publishes scientific study/ research papers, industrial problem solving related to Chemical Engineering field as well as review papers. The journal presents paper dealing with the topic related to Chemical Engineering including: Transport Phenomena and Chemical Engineering Operating Unit Chemical Reaction Technique, Chemical Kinetics, and Catalysis Designing, Modeling, and Process Optimization Energy and Conversion Technology Thermodynamics Process System Engineering and products Particulate and emulsion technologies Membrane Technology Material Development Food Technology and Bioprocess Waste Treatment Technology

Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik (Lain-Lain)

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Search results for , issue "Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017" : 9 Documents clear

Bagian Depan Reaktor Vol 17 No. 2 Juni 2017 Widayat, W
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

berisi cover, daftar isi, redaksional

PRODUKSI KARBON AKTIF DARI BATUBARA BITUMINUS DENGAN AKTIVASI TUNGGAL H3PO4, KOMBINASI H3PO4-NH4HCO3, DAN TERMAL Esthi Kusdarini; Agus Budianto; Desyana Ghafarunnisa
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Abstract ACTIVE CARBON PRODUCTION OF BITUMINOUS COAL WITH SINGLE ACTIVITY H3PO4, H3PO4 COMBINE WITH NH4HCO3, AND THERMAL. Bituminous coal has a good potential to be utilized as activated carbon because it has high carbon, which is between 54-86%. The purpose of research was to obtain moisture content data, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, absorption of iodine (iodine), area surface and the volume of pore activated carbon. Another aim was to study the effect of reagent types and concentrations of H3PO4 reagent and NH4HCO3 reagent to the characteristics of the activated carbon. The study was conducted in six stages: 1) carbonization; 2) chemical activation; 3) neutralizing; 4) filtering; 5) activation in physics; and 6) cooling. The renewal of this study is the use of reagents combination H3PO4-NH4HCO3. The results showed that the active carbon which is activated by a combination of H3PO4 reagent 2 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2 M and reagent H3PO4 reagent 2.5 M - reagent NH4HCO3 reagent 2.5 M have the best iodine. Activated carbon is activated using H3PO4 reagent 2 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2 M containing 7.5% water content; ash content of 9,0%; volatile matter content of 43.3%, 40.2% fixed carbon, iodine 1238.544 mg/g. While activated carbon which is activated using H3PO4reagent 2.5 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2.5 M contain 7.4% water content; ash content is about 10%; volatile matter content is 39.1%, fixed carbon is 43.5%, iodine 1238.544 mg/g, surface area 86.213 m2/g, and pore volume 0.0733 cc/g. Keywords: perf activation; coal; bituminous; H3PO4; NH4HCO3; active carbon Abstrak Batubara bituminus mempunyai potensi bagus untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi karbon aktif karena mempunyai kandungan karbon yang cukup tinggi, yaitu antara 54-86%. Tujuan penelitian adalah memperoleh data kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, fixed carbon, daya serap terhadap iodium (bilangan iodin), luas permukaan, dan volume pori karbon aktif. Tujuan lainnya adalah mempelajari pengaruh jenis dan konsentrasi reagen H3PO4 dan NH4HCO3 terhadap karakteristik karbon aktif. Penelitian dilakukan dalam enam tahap : 1) karbonisasi; 2) aktivasi secara kimia; 3) penetralan;; 4) penyaringan; 5) aktivasi secara fisika; 6) pendinginan. Pembaharuan dalam penelitian ini adalah penggunaan kombinasi reagen H3PO4-NH4HCO3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif yang diaktivasi dengan kombinasi reagen H3PO4 2 M - NH4HCO3 2 M dan H3PO4 2,5 M - NH4HCO3 2,5 M mempunyai bilangan iodin terbaik. Karbon aktif yang diaktivasi menggunakan reagen H3PO4 2 M - NH4HCO3 2 M mengandung kadar air 7,5%, kadar abu 9,0%, kadar zat terbang 43,3%, fixed carbon 40,2%, bilangan iodin 1238,544 mg/g. Sedangkan karbon aktif yang diaktivasi menggunakan reagen H3PO4 2,5 M - NH4HCO3 2,5 M mengandung kadar air 7,4%, kadar abu 10%, kadar zat terbang 39,1%, fixed carbon 43,5%, bilangan iodin 1238,544 mg/g, luas permukaan 86,213 m2/g, dan volume pori 0,0733 cc/g. Kata kunci: aktivasi; batubara; bituminus; H3PO4; NH4HCO3; karbon aktif

INFLUENCE OF INITIAL pH SOLUTION ON BIOFILM FORMATION AND CORROSION OF CARBON STEEL BY Serratia marcescens Ardiyan Harimawan; Hary Devianto; Ignatius Chandra Kurniawan; Josephine Christine Utomo
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

The growth of Serratia marcescens depends on its metabolism, which is influenced by environmental factors, such as pH and temperature. The metabolic activity of Serratia marcescens may influence the corrosion of carbon steel by forming a biofilm on the metal surface. This research is focused on determining the effect of pH on carbon steel corrosion caused by Serratia marcescens. The medium used as immersion solution was a mixture of synthetic seawater and Luria-Bertani medium with a volume ratio of 4:1. The carbon steel coupons with a size of 1 cm x 1 cm were immersed in the solution with initial pH of 5, 7, and 9. The analyses of biofilm were conducted by total plate count (TPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Biofilm was detected evenly on the metal surface and decreased with an increase in incubation pH. The biofilm consists of some functional groups, such as alcohol, alkane, amine, nitro, sulphate, carboxylic acid, and polysulfide. The analyses of the corrosion were conducted by gravimetric and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The pHs of 5 and 9 were found to give an increase in the corrosion rate. The average corrosion rate at pH variations of 5, 7, and 9 were 2.5309 g/m2.day; 2.2844 g/m2.day; and 2.9756 g/m2.day, respectively. Nevertheless, the corrosion products were not detected by XRD analysis. Keywords: biocorrosion; carbon steel; pH; seawater; Serratia marcescens Abstrak PENGARUH pH AWAL LARUTAN PADA PEMBENTUKAN BIOFILM DAN KOROSI BAJA KARBON OLEH Serratia marcescens. Laju pertumbuhan Serratia marcescens bergantung pada aktivitas metabolise mikroba, yang akan sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan, seperti pH dan temperatur. Aktivitas metabolisme Serratia marcescens dapat memengaruhi korosi pada baja karbon dengan membentuk lapisan biofilm pada permukaan logam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan efek pH pada korosi baja karbon yang disebabkan oleh Serratia marcescens. Media yang digunakan sebagai larutan perendam adalah campuran air laut sintetis dan media Luria-Bertani dengan perbandingan volume sebesar 4:1. Kupon baja karbon dengan ukuran 1 cm x 1 cm direndam dalam larutan dengan pH awal 5, 7, dan 9. Analisis lapisan biofilm dilakukan dengan total plate count (TPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) dan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Lapisan biofilm tumbuh secara merata pada permukaan logam dan berkurang seiring dengan peningkatan pH inkubasi. Lapisan biofilm mengandung berbagai gugus fungsional, seperti alkohol, alkana, amin, nitro, sulfat, asam karboksilat, dan polisulfida. Analisa korosi dilakukan dengan gravimetri dan X-ray diffraction (XRD). Penggunaan pH 5 dan 9 memberikan peningkatan terhadap laju korosi. Laju korosi rata-rata pada pH 5, 7, dan 9 ditentukan sebesar 2,5309 g/m2.day; 2,2844 g/m2.day; and 2,9756 g/m2.day. Namun, produk korosi tidak terdeksi oleh analisis XRD. Kata kunci: biokorosi; baja karbon; pH; air laut; Serratia marcescens

INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC LOADING AND MIXING TO THE STABILIZED LEACHATE COD REMOVAL USING CIRCULATING ANAEROBIC REACTOR Aghasa Aghasa; Qomarudin Helmy; Mochammad Chaerul
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Abstract In Indonesia, several leachate treatments were operated with most of the treatments are using conventional anaerobic lagoon system in pre-treatment section. However, most of the treatments still have low organic removal efficiency. In several studies, removal efficiency could be increased through several modifications inside the pond and one of them is by using mixing addition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare leachate organic removal efficiency by using mixing and without using mixing modification. This research used 3 kinds of Circulating Anaerobic Reactor (CAR) where 0.5 kg/m3∙day Organic Loading Rate (OLR) in reactor-1 (with mixing) and reactor-3 (without mixing) and 1.0 kg/m3∙day OLR in reactor-2 (with mixing) were operated inside the reactor. From the results, the organic removal efficiency in reactor-1 was 81.82%, reactor-2 was 82.22%, and reactor-3 was 41.67%. It can be proven that leachate organic removal efficiency was possible to be increased with the addition of mixing inside the treatment system. Keywords: Circulating Anaerobic Reactor; leachate; mixing; organic loading; removal efficiency Abstrak PENGARUH BEBAN ORGANIK DAN PENGADUKAN TERHADAP PENYISIHAN COD LINDI TERSTABILISASI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN CIRCULATING ANAEROBIC REACTOR. Di Indonesia, pengolahan lindi dioperasikan dengan sebagian besar pengolahan menggunakan sistem kolam anaerobik konvensional pada bagian pre-treatment. Akan tetapi, sebagian besar pengolahan masih memiliki penyisihan organik yang rendah. Dalam beberapa penelitian, efisiensi penyisihan dapat ditingkatkan melalui beberapa modifikasi di dalam kolam dan salah satunya adalah dengan menggunakan pengadukan. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan efisiensi penyisihan organik lindi dengan menggunakan pengadukan dan tanpa menggunakan pengadukan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 3 jenis Circulating Anaerobic Reactor (CAR) dimana reaktor tersebut dioperasikan dengan Organic Loading Rate (OLR) sebesar 0,5 kg/m3∙hari di dalam reaktor-1 (dengan pengadukan) dan reaktor-3 (tanpa pengadukan) dan OLR sebesar 1,0 kg/m3∙hari dalam reaktor -2 (dengan pengadukan). Dari hasil penelitian, efisiensi penyisihan organik di dalam reaktor-1 adalah sebesar 81,82%, reaktor-2 sebesar 82,22%, dan reaktor-3 sebesar 41,67%. Melalui hal tersebut, dapat dibuktikan bahwa efisiensi penyisihan organik pada lindi memungkinkan untuk ditingkatkan dengan penambahan pengadukan di dalam sistem pengolahan. Kata kunci: Circulating Anaerobic Reactor; lindi; pengadukan; beban organic; efisiensi penyisihan

Bagian Belakang Reaktor Vol 17 No. 2 Juni 2017 Widayat, W
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

berisi indeks usbyek, indeks obyek

Uji Kinerja Burner dan Tabung Reaktor Flame Untuk Proses Spray Pyrolysis Darmawan Hidayat; Ganjar Nurohman; S Setianto; Bambang Mukti Wibawa; Nendi Suhendi
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Abstract PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BURNER AND THE REACTOR TUBE OF FLAME FOR A SPRAY PYROLYSIS PROCESS. Flame spray pyrolysis is a versatile process in the syntheses of various functional materials. This work reports the performance of a diffusion flame built from a coaxial burner and a Pyrex-glass tube reactor with respect to the relatively low propane flow rates (0.1-0.8 L/min). The burner comprised of three cylindrically tubes with three inlets for fuel (propane), oxidant (oxygen) and precursor aerosol. Three flame parameters were measured, i.e. the flame height, flame temperature and reactor temperature profile, respectively. The test results showed the increase of the flame height and temperature with increasing of propane flow rate. The temperature profile measurements showed the decreasing as the height above burner increased; and temperature profile increased at the increasing propane flow rate. The reactor temperature was in the range of 36-190°C at low propane flow rates of 0.1-0.8 L/min. In conclusion, control of flame process parameters could be conducted by controlling of propane flow rate. Keywords: diffusion flame burner; spray pyrolysis; flame reactor; electronic material syntheses Abstrak Pirolisis flame spray merupakan proses yang banyak digunakan untuk keperluan sintesis bahan-bahan fungsional. Makalah ini melaporkan kinerja sebuah reaktor flame difusi yang dibangun dari sebuah pembakar (burner) dan tabung reaktor silinder. Pembakar dibangun dari tiga buah silinder stainless steel yang dipasang koaksial sebagai saluran bahan bakar propana, oksidator oksigen dan aerosol prekursor. Tiga parameter proses flame yang diuji adalah tinggi flame, temperatur flame dan profil temperatur tabung reaktor. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa seiring kenaikan laju alir propana, tinggi dan temperatur flame meningkat. Pengukuran profil temperatur menunjukkan penurunan seiring kenaikan posisi dari ujung-atas pembakar; dan temperatur profil reaktor meningkat seiring dengan kenaikan laju alir propana. Temperatur reaktor berkisar 36-190°C pada laju alir propana rendah 0,1-0,8 L/min. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengontrolan parameter-parameter proses flame dapat dilakukan dengan pengaturan laju alir propana. Kata kunci: diffusion flame burner; proses spray pyrolysis; reaktor flame; sintesis bahan elektronik

KARAKTERISTIK FISIS ALUMINOSILIKAT GEOPOLIMER BERBASIS SILIKA SEKAM PADI UNTUK APLIKASI FAST IONIC CONDUCTOR Agus Riyanto; Simon Sembiring; Junaidi Junaidi
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

The study aims to investigate the effect of calcination temperatures on the phase formation and electrical properties of aluminosilicate geopolymer prepared from rice husk silica and sodium aluminate. The samples were calcined at temperature from 150 oC to 550 oC, the development of structures was characterized using x-ray difraction (XRD) and the electrical properties were measured by LCR meter. The result obtained indicated the significant role of calcining temperature on phase transformation of boehmite and quartz into aluminosilicate geopolymer, in which at calcining temperatures from 450 oC to 550 oC, and the samples were dominated by semicrystal to amorphous phase which indicated that the aluminosilicate geoplymer has been formed. The presence of aluminosilicate geopolymer resulted in increased ionic electrical conductivity and dielectric loss factor as well as decrease dielectric constant. Ionic electrical conductivity of the calcined sample at 450 oC is 4,49.10-5 S/cm at frequancy of 5.106 Hz, and XRD analysis demostrated that the main structure is phase of semicrystal aluminosilicate geopolymer. Based on these character, the sample was considered is very suitable used to the fast ionic conductor materials.Studi ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi efek suhu kalsinasi pada formasi fasa dan sifat listrik aluminosilikat geopolimer yang dipreparasi dari silika sekam padi dan sodium aluminat. Sampel dikalsinasi pada suhu 150 oC – 550 oC, perubahan struktur dikarakterisasi menggunakan x-ray difraction (XRD) dan sifat listrik diukur menggunakan LCR meter. Hasil yang diperoleh mengindikasikan pengaruh yang signifikan suhu kalsinasi pada transformasi boehmite dan quartz menjadi aluminosilikat geopolimer, dimana pada suhu kalsinasi 450 oC – 550 oC didominasi oleh fasa semikristal hingga amorf yang mencirikan terbetuknya aluminosilikat geopolimer. Terbentuknya struktur aluminosilikat geopolimer diikuti dengan peningkatan konduktivitas listrik ionik, penurunan konstanta dielektrik, serta peningkatan faktor rugi dielektrik. Nilai konduktivitas listrik ionik sampel kalsinasi 450 oC ialah 4,49.10-5 S/cm pada frekuensi 5.106 Hz, dan analisis XRD menunjukkan struktur utamanya berupa fasa semikristal aluminosilikat geopolimer. Berdasarkan karakteristik tersebut, sampel yang ditinjau merupakan material dengan konduktivitas ionik yang tinggi sehingga sampel tersebut sangat potensial untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai fast ionic conductor.

Kinetika detoksifikasi umbi gadung (dioscorea hispida dennst.) secara fermentasi dengan kapang mucor racemosus Marissa Widiyanti; Andri Cahyo Kumoro
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Abstract THE KINETICS OF GADUNG (Dioscorea hispida dennst.) TUBER DETOXIFICATION VIA FUNGAL FERMENTATION USING Mucor racemosus. Bitter yam (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.) is one of carbohydrate sources used as staple food commonly found in Indonesian dry-land. However, this tuber has been underutilized due to the presence of an antinutrition compound, namely cyanogenic glucosides. Removal of cyanides from foodstuffs can be done either by physical, chemical or biological methods. In this study, the effect of time on the detoxification of gadung tuber chips from cyanides via fermentation using Mucor racemosus and its kinetics were investigated. Gadung chip samples were withdrawn from the fermentation system at every 24 hours interval for biomass and cyanides contents analysis. It was clear that the cyanides content decreased as the fermentation went by. Safely consumed gadung tuber chips were obtained from fermentation of the chips for 120 hours from which cyanides content as low as 49.41 mg/kg was achieved. The logistic equation successfully described the growth rate of Mucor racemosus under studied condition. The specific growth rate of Mucor racemosus in gadung chips was found to be 0.0297/hr or about a half of specific growth rate of that mold when grown in the readily consumed yeast-pepton-glucose (YPG) media. Keywords: fermentation; yam; monod; Mucor racemosus; cyanogen Abstrak Umbi gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.) merupakan salah satu sumber karbohidrat yang digunakan sebagai makanan pokok yang biasa ditemukan di lahan kering di wilayah Indonesia. Namun, umbi ini kurang dimanfaatkan karena adanya senyawa antinutrisi, yaitu cyanogenic glucosides. Penghilangan senyawa sianida dari bahan makanan dapat dilakukan baik dengan metode fisik, kimia atau biologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh waktu pada detoksifikasi irisan umbi gadung dari senyawa sianida melalui fermentasi dengan menggunakan kapang Mucor racemosus dan kinetikanya. Cuplikan irisan umbi gadung diambil dari sistem fermentasi pada setiap jeda waktu 24 jam untuk dianalisis kadar biomassa dan sianidanya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan sianida menurun seiring dengan bertambahnya waktu fermentasi. Irisan umbi gadung yang aman dikonsumsi dapat diperoleh dari fermentasi irisan ubi gadung selama 120 jam dengan kandungan sianida serendah 49,41 mg/kg. Persamaan logistik berhasil menggambarkan tingkat pertumbuhan kapang Mucor racemosus dengan baik. Tingkat pertumbuhan spesifik dari Mucor racemosus pada irisan umbi gadung adalah 0,0297/jam atau sekitar setengah dari laju pertumbuhan spesifik jamur tersebut saat dibudidayakan pada media yang siap dikonsumsi, seperti ragi-pepton-glukosa (YPG). Kata kunci: fermentasi; gadung; monod; Mucor racemosus; sianogen

PENCEGAHAN PENCOKLATAN ENZIMATIK PADA PORANG KUNING (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) Dyah Hesti Wardhani; Ariel Arif Atmadja; Christo Rinaldy Nugraha
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Abstract ENZYMATIC BROWNING INHIBITION OF YELLOW PORANG (Amorphophallus oncophyllus). Glucomannan is widely used in the cosmetics, food and health industry due to its high viscosity. One sources of local glucomannan is yellow porang tuber (Amorphophallus oncophyllus). Unfortunately, the content of carotenoids, polyphenoloxidases and tannins of the tuber is high enough and causing brownish color of the flour. Sodium acid pyrophosphat (Na2H2P2O7) or SAPP is a safe whitening agent used as an food additive and categorized as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). The purpose of this work was to study the enzymatic browning inhibition of yellow porang using SAPP as well as its effect on glucomannan content. Extended maceration time up to 3 h did not increase the degree of whiteness and glucomannan levels significantly. 2% of Na2H2P2O7 increased the degrees of whiteness into 50,33. Higher degree of whiteness was obtained in maseration of the flour than that of slurry, wet chips and dried chips. In these three variables, increasing degree of whiteness was in line with the glucomannan content. SAPP provided the highest degree of whiteness (61.48), however, the highest glucomannan samples (75.08%) was obtained at maceration using NaHSO3. Keywords: Amorphophallus oncophyllus; degree of whiteness; glucomannan; yellow porang Abstrak Glukomanan banyak digunakan di industri kosmetik, makanan dan kesehatan karena viskositas yang tinggi. Salah satu sumber glukomanan lokal adalah umbi porang kuning (Amorphophallus oncophyllus). Sayangnya, kandungan karoten, polyphenoloxidases dan tannins pada umbi ini cukup tinggi menyebabkan tepung yang dihasilkan berwarna kecoklatan yang tidak diinginkan oleh pengguna. Sodium acid pyrophosphat (Na2H2P2O7) atau SAPP merupakan bahan pemutih yang aman digunakan sebagai zat additif dan dikategorikan dan termasuk ”generally recognized as safe” (GRAS). Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mempelajari pencegahan pencoklatan pada porang kuning menggunakan SAPP serta efeknya terhadap kadar glukomanan. Peningkatan waktu maserasi hingga 3 jam tidak meningkatkan derajat putih dan kadar glukomanan secara signifikan. Konsentrasi SAPP 2% memberikan derajat putih 50,33. Maserasi tepung porang memberikan derajat putih tertinggi dibanding maserasi slurry, chips basah maupun chips kering. Pada ketiga variabel tersebut, kenaikan kadar glukomanan sejalan dengan derajat putihnya. Penggunaan SAPP pada tepung menghasilkan derajat putih tertinggi yaitu 61,48 namun kadar glukomanan tertinggi (75,08%) dicapai pada sampel yang dimaserasi menggunakan NaHSO3. Kata kunci: Amorphophallus oncophyllus; derajat putih; glukomanan; porang kuning

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Dessy Ariyanti

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dessy.ariyanti@che.undip.ac.id

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