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Analisis Willingness to Participate dari Masyarakat Pesisir Laut dalam Pengelolaan Sampah (Studi Kasus: Kelurahan Pulau Pari, Kabupaten Kepulauan Seribu) Chaerul, Mochammad; Laksana, Winda
Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan Vol 16, No 3 (2019): November 2019
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (191.922 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/presipitasi.v16i3.160-171

Abstract

Nowdays, marine debris becomes a major concern globally from many parties. Predicted source contributes to marine debris is settlement located at the coast. While facing several constraints, a municipal solid waste (MSW) management developed by community and local authority, especially taking consideration to keep a tourist attractive. Often, MSW management was applied without any consideration to the willingness of the community as a waste generator. The paper aims to find the willingness to participate related to MSW management from community at the coast with a case study of Pulau Pari Village of Kepulauan Seribu Regency. There were 6 criteria developed in the study namely: community habits, willingness to participate, community identification, environmental concern, social norms, and community perceptions, with the assessment to each subcriteria using likert scale 1-5 from 27 respondents. Subsequently, subcriterion of the participation related to MSW management were preferably chosen by respondent from each criterion. For example, from criterion of community habits the two subcriterion were dominantly chosen namely: pariticipate to provide waste storage (21%) and waste collection and directly sold by themselves (20%). Result of the willingness to participate could be used to determine a system or technology related to MSW management so that it may more sustained, especially to reduce the quantity of waste dumped to the sea.
ANALISIS MULTI KRITERIA PEMILIHAN TEKNOLOGI PENGOMPOSAN SAMPAH Susangka, Adi; Chaerul, Mochammad
Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan Vol 16, No 1 (2010)
Publisher : ITB Journal Publisher, LPPM ITB

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (232.352 KB) | DOI: 10.5614/j.tl.2010.16.1.1

Abstract

Abstrak : Sampah organik merupakan komponen sampah yang paling dominan di Indonesia, dimana jenis ini sangat layak untuk dikomposkan. Terdapat beberapa macam jenis teknologi pengomposan, dimana pihak pemerintah sebaiknya mempertimbangkan beberapa macam kriteria untuk memilih teknologi pengomposan yang paling sesuai. Kriteria yang digunakan meliputi aspek sosial, ekonomi, lingkungan, dan teknis. Sebagai bentuk pemecahan masalah, digunakan metode Analytic Hierarchy Process. Wawancara interaktif dilakukan untuk mendapatkan perbandingan berpasangan dari berbagai pihak stakeholder, termasuk expert, pegawai pemerintahan, operator teknologi pengomposan, dan masyarakat umum. Sebagai studi kasus, kota Bandung dipilih menjadi obyek penelitian untuk merepresentasikan karakteristik negara berkembang. Penelitian ini melibatkan pihak stakeholder dari perguruan tinggi sebanyak 12 responden. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan, windrow merupakan teknologi pengomposan yang paling sesuai untuk diaplikasikan di Indonesia.Abstract: Organic waste is the highest percentage of Muncipal Solid Waste component in Indonesia, which suitable mostly to composted. There are various kind of composting technologies, which the municipality should consider various criteria to choose a particular composting technology. The criteria include social, economic, environment, and technical aspects. To solve the problem, Analytical Hierarchy Process was proposed. Interactive interview was conducted to get a pairwise comparison from various stakeholder, include the expert, the municipality officer, operator of composting technology, public mass. For a case study, Bandung city was chosen to represent a developing country characteristic.The research was involved in 12 respondents. Based on the calculation, windrow technology was the most suitable composting technology to be applied in Indonesia.    Key words: organic waste, composting, decision making, multi criteria, analytic hierarchy process
KONSEP SISTEM PENGUMPULAN SAMPAH PENGEMAS PLASTIK OLEH PRODUSEN SEBAGAI BENTUK PENERAPAN EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY (EPR) Irawan, Gendis Ayu Satiti; Chaerul, Mochammad
Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan Vol 17, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : ITB Journal Publisher, LPPM ITB

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (309.2 KB) | DOI: 10.5614/jtl.2011.17.2.3

Abstract

Abstrak: Di Kota Bandung sampah pengemas plastik memilki timbulan sebesar 0,49/orang/hari. Pemanfaatan timbulan tersebut didominasi oleh sektor informal seperti pemulung karena memiliki nilai ekonomis. Timbulan sampah pengemas plastik yang ada di sektor informal sebesar 10,1 kg/hari di tingkat pemulung, di tingkat lapak sebesar 50,6 kg/hari dan 1279,4 kg/hari di tingkat bandar. Timbulan plastik pengemas juga ditemukan di TPA dengan komposisi sebesar 22,36%. Timbulan tersebut dapat dijadikan sebagai potensi untuk dijalankannya program EPR di Kota Bandung. Sesuai dengan UU No 18 Tahun 2008 Pasal 15 yang mewajibkan produsen untuk mengelola sampahnya. Kewajiban produsen tersebut dapat dipenuhi dengan bantuan pihak ketiga yaitu PRO. Tugas dari PRO adalah sebagai perpanjangan dari produsen untuk melakukan kegiatan pengumpulan dan pengelolaan sampah pengemas yang seluruhnya didanai oleh produsen atau sebagian dari subsidi pemerintah. Dalam mengumpulkan sampah pengemasnya, produsen dapat melibatkan pihak-pihak tertentu seperti konsumen, retailer, dan pelaku daur ulang di sektor informal, kerjasama tersebut dijalin dengan bantuan PRO. Penarikan kemasan dari konsumen dapat dilakukan dengan deposit-refund di retailer, depot pengumpulan khusus yang dibangun produsen atau langsung diangkut oleh petugas kebersihan.Kata kunci: daur ulang, deposit-refund, EPR, PRO, sampah kemasan plastik, Abstract : Plastic packaging waste in Bandung has a generation of 0.49 / person / day, use of the generation is dominated by the informal sector such as scavenger because it has economic value. Plastic packaging waste in informal dirty of 10.1 kg / day in the level of scavengers, in the shanties of 50.6 kg / day and 1279.4 kg / day at the airport. The generation of plastic packaging was also found in a landfill with a composition of 22:36%. generation such as the potential for the exercise of EPR programs in the city of Bandung, in accordance with UU No 18 of2008 Section 15 which obligate the manufacturers to manage their packaging waste. In collecting plastic packaging waste, manufacturers can involve certain parties such as consumers, retailers, and actors in the informal sector recycling. Withdrawal of consumer packaging can be done with a deposit-refund on retailers, special collection depot built by the manufacturer or directly transported janitor.  Key words: EPR , deposit-refund,  plastic packaging waste, PRO, recycle
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) dari Sampah Perkotaan dengan Proses Biodrying: Review Chaerul, Mochammad; Wardhani, Annisa Kusuma
Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan Vol 17, No 1 (2020): Maret 2020
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1055.074 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/presipitasi.v17i1.62-74

Abstract

The utilization of waste into fuel (Refuse Derived Fuel, RDF) is an alternative to overcome the problem of municipal solid waste (MSW). Many processes can be applied to produce RDF including through biodrying process. Biodrying is a part of Mechanical-Biological Treatment (MBT) aiming to reduce water content in the waste by utilizing heat generated from microorganism activities while degrading organic matter in the waste, thus the calorific value will increase. The paper aims to make a review from various research papers on biodrying process published in scientific journals, so it becomes one of reference on further research on biodrying process by considering the characteristics of waste in Indonesia. The review has been conducted by focusing on several important aspects on the research such as operation principle, reactor design configuration, parameters to be examined, and the characteristics of feed and product.
STUDY VALUASI SMELTER PENGOLAHAN NIKEL MELALUI PENDEKATAN ANALISA BIAYA MANFAAT (STUDI KASUS: PERUSAHAAN TAMBANG NIKEL DI SULAWESI SELATAN) Chaerul, Mochammad; Andana, Revrian Fajhri
Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan Vol 26, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : ITB Journal Publisher, LPPM ITB

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.tl.2020.26.1.6

Abstract

Abstrak: Dalam industri pertambangan mineral, smelter merupakan bagian dari proses produksi, mineral yang ditambang dari alam biasanya masih tercampur dengan material lainnya sehingga membutuhkan pengolahan lebih lanjut. Studi kasus yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah salah satu perusahan pertambangan nikel di Sulawesi Selatan yang mempunyai fasilitas pengolahan smelter terpadu untuk memproduksi nikel matte memberikan banyak dampak bagi para stakeholder terutama untuk lingkungan. Dampak tersebut adalah emisi berupa debu/abu dan gas NOx, CO dan SOx sehingga memerlukan alat pengendalian emisi. Perusahaan telah melengkapi setiap prosesnya dengan berbagai alat pengendalian emisi terutama dengan jenis pengendalian partikulat dan gas. Analisis biaya manfaat digunakan untuk menghitung relevansi biaya dan manfaat yang dihasilkan oleh aktivitas smelter pengolahan nikel terhadap para stakeholder yaitu Perusahaan, pemerintah, masyarakat serta lingkungan sekitar. Hasil valuasi ekonomi lingkungan terhadap daerah dampak smelter yaitu Kecamatan Nuha dan Danau Matano bernilai Rp 690,981,051,000.00 yang menjadi komponen manfaat eksternal dalam perhitungan rasio biaya manfaat. Didapatkan nilai manfaat total sebesar Rp 1,113,186,993,242.54 dan nilai biaya total Rp 1,040,441,890,033.89 dengan nilai rasio manfaat biaya sebesar 1.07 yang berarti smelter nikel Perusahaan tersebut mempunyai manfaat dan layak untuk diusahakan. Kata kunci: analisis biaya manfaat, smelter nikel, ekonomi lingkungan, valuasi ekonomi lingkungan.  Abstract: In the mineral mining industry, the smelter is part of the production process, a mineral mined from nature usually is mixed with other materials that require further processing. Case Study for the research is a nickel mining company in South Sulawesi which has an integrated smelter processing facility to produce nickel matte, leave much impact for stakeholders, especially to the environment. These impacts are emissions of dust/ash and gas NOx, CO and SOx that require emission control equipment. PT. Vale Indonesia has equipped each process with various emission control equipment, especially with the kind of control particulates and gas.Cost benefit analysis used to calculate the relevance of the costs and benefits generated by the activity of smelter processing of nickel to the stakeholders, namely the company itself, the government, society and the surrounding environment. The results of the economic valuation of the environmental impact of the smelter area the District Nuha and Lake Matano worth Rp 690,981,051,000.00 that are components of external benefits in the calculation of benefit cost ratio. Total benefit value obtained Rp 1,113,186,993,242.54 and value of the total cost of Rp 1,040,441,890,033.89 the cost benefit ratio of the value of 1.07, which means the nickel smelter of the company has benefits and worth to be efforted. Keywords: cost benefit analysis, nickel smelter, enviromental economic, enviromental economic valuation.
Analisis Multikriteria dalam Pemilihan Sistem Pemrosesan Sampah di Kabupaten Klungkung, Provinsi Bali Chaerul, Mochammad; Agustina, Elprida; Widyarsana, I Made Wahyu
Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Vol. 21 No. 2 (2020)
Publisher : Center for Environmental Technology - Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (309.135 KB) | DOI: 10.29122/jtl.v21i2.4142

Abstract

ABSTRACTIn order to create a city clean, efforts are taken by the government, including the provision of waste processing system facilities as part of a waste management system. Recently, Klungkung Regency, Bali Province, has three alternatives waste processing systems to be applied, namely: utilizing the existing regional final disposal site (TPA) of Bangli, building a new TPA facility dedicated to Klungkung area only, and communal waste processing facility. The study aims to determine the most optimal waste processing system by considering four criteria (multicriteria) with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) from 35 respondents representing five local government institutions. Among the criteria, environment (weight of 0.543) was more prioritized than social (0.181), financial (0.146) and technical (0.130) aspects. Respondents preferred to put environmental pollution prevention (weight of 0.16) as the most important among 13 sub-criteria. Other results showed that TOSS (total value of 0.47) was more preferred than the existing TPA of Bangli (0.28) and new the TPA of Klungkung (0.25). An alternative waste processing with its advantages and disadvantages should be chosen and acceptable by the related stakeholders. Thus, the facility becomes part of a sustainable waste management system in a city.Keywords: multicriteria analysis, pair wise comparison, analytical hierarcy process, waste processing systemABSTRAKBerbagai macam upaya dilakukan oleh pemerintah untuk menciptakan lingkungan suatu kota yang bersih, diantaranya melalui penyediaan fasilitas sistem pemrosesan sampah sebagai tahapan akhir dalam pengelolaan sampah. Saat ini, Kabupaten Klungkung, Propinsi Bali, memiliki 3 alternatif sistem pemrosesan sampah yang dapat diaplikasikan, yaitu: menggunakan tempat pemrosesan akhir sampah (TPA) eksisting Regional Bangli, membangun TPA baru tersendiri untuk Klungkung, dan pemrosesan skala komunal (misalnya berupa Tempat Olah Sampah Setempat/TOSS). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memilih sistem pemrosesan sampah yang paling optimal dengan mempertimbangkan 4 kriteria (multicriteria) dengan menggunakan pendekatan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) dari 35 orang responden yang mewakili 5 institusi pemerintahan daerah. Urutan kriteria yang dianggap lebih penting adalah lingkungan (nilai bobot 0,543), sosial (0,181), finansial (0,146) dan teknis (0,130). Responden lebih memilih pencegahan pencemaran lingkungan (nilai bobot 0,16) sebagai subkriteria terpenting dari total 13 subkriteria. Sedangkan alternatif pemrosesan sampah skala komunal dianggap yang paling optimal (total nilai 0,47) disusul TPA Regional Bangli (0,28), terakhir TPA baru (0,25). Suatu alternatif sistem pemrosesan sampah dengan kelebihan dan kekurangan masing-masing harus dipilih yang paling dapat diterima oleh berbagai stakeholders terkait sehingga diharapkan dapat menjadi bagian dari suatu sistem pengelolaan sampah yang berkelanjutan dari suatu kota.Kata Kunci: analisis multikriteria, perbandingan berpasangan, analytical hierarchy process, sistem pemrosesan sampah
Refuse Derived Fuel Production through Biodrying Process (Case study: Solid Waste from Canteens) Chaerul, Mochammad; Fakhrunnisa, Afifah
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.24609

Abstract

Due to its calorific value, wastes could be treated into Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) through several processes. In order to get higher calorific value, moisture content in the wastes could be removed by utilizing the heat generated from decomposition of organic fraction by microorganism (biodrying process). The study aims to treat solid wastes generated from canteens in Ganesha Campus of Institut Teknologi Bandung into RDF through biodrying process. Through standard sampling procedure, total waste generated from 59 canteens was 228 kg/day and organic fraction became the dominant (74%). There were 3 biodrying piles prepared, namely aeration, windrow, and control pile. Temperature in all piles increased in first and second weeks, then it gradually decreased and the average temperature were between 23-48 oC. The heat generated during the process could be remove water content and the optimum time 17-22 days could reach 20-30% of moisture content. The highest calorific value could be obtained from aerated pile (14.98 MJ/kg). By considering several parameters, the best RDF were produced from aerated pile. The parameters which still did not comply with the international standard of RDF were ash content, fixed carbon, and organic carbon. The quality of RDF was affected significantly by the composition of the feed. Though it could not meet with all parameters as an international standard of RDF, the product could be used as co-fuel to substitute coal or other fossil fuels for industrial activities. By knowing that the wastes could be converted into valuable product, the local municipality may shift the conventional paradigm of the waste management which is only collect-haul-dispose into a new paradigm by prioritizing waste recycle.
Pemanfaatan Lumpur Sungai Ciliwung Dengan Metode Solidifikasi Chaerul Mochammad; Roy Jeremiah Pasaribu
Dampak Vol 17, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/dampak.17.1.1-8.2020

Abstract

 Sediment potentially leads to siltation of the river and overflow of river water during the rainy season.  Existing management of the sediment is to collect, transport and dispose in a site without any proper handling procedure prior and it may cause environment burden. This study aims to utilize the sediment in Ciliwung river as a structural material through a set of solidification procedure. The mixing of cement and fine aggregate is necessary to produce 5x5x5 cm3 mortar to be tested. The sediment may be classified as non-hazardous waste and it can be used to substitute sand as the fine aggregate. The highest compressive strength of 216 kg/cm2 can be produced at ratio of cement and the fine aggregate of 1:3 with the sediment substitution of 50% and the product can be classified as class B of paving block or class I of brick. Through Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test, it find that the metals substance in the sediment bounded properly in the solid matrix and it prevents the metals leaching out to the environment. The study reveals that the utilization of the sediment through the solidification become a prospective measure by producing a useful product with minimum impact on the environment. Keywords: Sediment, fine aggregate, solidification, compressive strength, Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure  ABSTRAK  Lumpur berpotensi menyebabkan pendangkalan sungai dan meluapnya air sungai selama musim hujan. Manajemen lumpur yang ada adalah mengumpulkan, mengangkut, dan membuang di lokasi tanpa prosedur penanganan yang tepat sebelumnya dan dapat membebani lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan lumpur di sungai Ciliwung sebagai material struktural melalui serangkaian prosedur pemadatan. Pencampuran semen dan agregat halus diperlukan untuk menghasilkan mortar 5x5x5 cm3 untuk diuji. Lumpur dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai limbah tidak berbahaya dan dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan pasir sebagai agregat halus. Kuat tekan tertinggi 216 kg/cm2 didapat  pada rasio semen dan agregat halus 1: 3 dengan substitusi sedimen 50% dan produk dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai paving block kelas B atau bata kelas I. Melalui uji Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), ditemukan bahwa zat logam dalam lumpur terikat dengan benar dalam matriks padat dan mencegah logam berpindah ke lingkungan. Dari penelitian ini, didapatkan bahwa pemanfaatan lumpur sungai dengan pemadatan berpotensi  menghasilkan produk yang bermanfaat dengan dampak minimal terhadap lingkungan. Kata kunci: Lumpur, Agregat halus, Solidifikasi, Kuat tekan, Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure         
INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC LOADING AND MIXING TO THE STABILIZED LEACHATE COD REMOVAL USING CIRCULATING ANAEROBIC REACTOR Aghasa Aghasa; Qomarudin Helmy; Mochammad Chaerul
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (260.718 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.17.2.59-66

Abstract

Abstract In Indonesia, several leachate treatments were operated with most of the treatments are using conventional anaerobic lagoon system in pre-treatment section. However, most of the treatments still have low organic removal efficiency. In several studies, removal efficiency could be increased through several modifications inside the pond and one of them is by using mixing addition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare leachate organic removal efficiency by using mixing and without using mixing modification. This research used 3 kinds of Circulating Anaerobic Reactor (CAR) where 0.5 kg/m3∙day Organic Loading Rate (OLR) in reactor-1 (with mixing) and reactor-3 (without mixing) and 1.0 kg/m3∙day OLR in reactor-2 (with mixing) were operated inside the reactor. From the results, the organic removal efficiency in reactor-1 was 81.82%, reactor-2 was 82.22%, and reactor-3 was 41.67%. It can be proven that leachate organic removal efficiency was possible to be increased with the addition of mixing inside the treatment system. Keywords: Circulating Anaerobic Reactor; leachate; mixing; organic loading; removal efficiency  Abstrak PENGARUH BEBAN ORGANIK DAN PENGADUKAN TERHADAP PENYISIHAN COD LINDI TERSTABILISASI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN CIRCULATING ANAEROBIC REACTOR. Di Indonesia, pengolahan lindi dioperasikan dengan sebagian besar pengolahan menggunakan sistem kolam anaerobik konvensional pada bagian pre-treatment. Akan tetapi, sebagian besar pengolahan masih memiliki penyisihan organik yang rendah. Dalam beberapa penelitian, efisiensi penyisihan dapat ditingkatkan melalui beberapa modifikasi di dalam kolam dan salah satunya adalah dengan menggunakan pengadukan. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan efisiensi penyisihan organik lindi dengan menggunakan pengadukan dan tanpa menggunakan pengadukan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 3 jenis Circulating Anaerobic Reactor (CAR) dimana reaktor tersebut dioperasikan dengan Organic Loading Rate (OLR) sebesar 0,5 kg/m3∙hari di dalam reaktor-1 (dengan pengadukan) dan reaktor-3 (tanpa pengadukan) dan OLR sebesar 1,0 kg/m3∙hari dalam reaktor -2 (dengan pengadukan). Dari hasil penelitian, efisiensi penyisihan organik di dalam reaktor-1 adalah sebesar 81,82%, reaktor-2 sebesar 82,22%, dan reaktor-3 sebesar 41,67%. Melalui hal tersebut, dapat dibuktikan bahwa efisiensi penyisihan organik pada lindi memungkinkan untuk ditingkatkan dengan penambahan pengadukan di dalam sistem pengolahan. Kata kunci: Circulating Anaerobic Reactor; lindi; pengadukan; beban organic; efisiensi penyisihan  
Model Sistem Dinamik untuk Evaluasi Skenario Pengelolaan Sampah di Kota Depok Ika Artika; Mochammad Chaerul
Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan Vol 8, No 3 (2020): December 2020
Publisher : Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jwl.8.3.261-279

Abstract

One of the government programs to achieve the target of the National Waste Management Policy and Strategy is to build a regional landfill. To support regional landfill operations, the local governments which have utilized regional landfill need to prepare policies and strategies for optimizing waste management services in their area. Depok City is one of four cities that will served by Nambo Regional Landfill. The purpose of this study was to analyze various alternative policy scenarios to optimize waste management services in Depok City and determine their effects on the amount of waste transported to Nambo Regional Landfill. The policy analysis method used simulation model with a dynamic system approach. The simulation was conducted from 2020 to 2045. There were four scenarios, namely business as usual scenario, scenario A for the optimization of existing waste treatment facilities, scenario B which was based on local waste management policies and strategies, and scenario C for achieving 30% target of waste reduction. The simulation results showed the waste generation in 2045 was estimated to reach 3,426 tons/day. Results from all scenarios showed that the amount of waste disposed to landfill exceeds the maximum waste input to Nambo Regional Landfill. From scenario C, the amount of waste to be processed in the local landfill in 2045 was at least 1,180 tons/day. Depok City has a huge amount of waste and will continue to increase, so it is necessary to add waste treatment facilities and local landfill for the next 26 years. Landfill needs can be reduced by increasing waste treatment, but it requires greater waste management costs.