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Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan

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Published by Universitas Diponegoro

ISSN : - EISSN : 18298907 DOI : -

Core Subject : Social,

Environmental Science

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Articles 21 Documents

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Search results for , issue "Vol 17, No 1 (2019): April 2019" : 21 Documents clear

Komposisi Jenis, Struktur Komunitas, dan Keanekaragaman Mangrove Asosiasi Langge Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara-Provinsi Gorontalo Sukirman Rahim; dewi wahyuni K Baderan
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Vol 17, No 1 (2019): April 2019
Publisher : School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro Univer

Hutan mangrove Langge yang terdapat di Kecamatan Anggrek Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara memiliki keunikan dari pola zonasi dan keanekaragaman jenis. Hal ini yang menjadikan hutan mangrove di kawasan tersebut sebagai objek wisata tracking mangrove yang dikenal dengan nama “mangrove in love. Hutan mangrove memiliki berbagai fungsi ekologis yang sangat kompleks yakni sebagai daerah pemijahan (spawing ground), tempat asuhan (nursery ground), dan tempat mencari makan (feeding ground) biota laut yang beraneka jenis dan memiliki fungsi ekonomis diantaranya buah mangrove dapat diolah menjadi berbagai produk kue dan sumber pangan alternatif pengganti beras. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : 1) untuk mengetahui komposisi jenis mangrove asosiasi; 2) untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas dari hutan mangrove Langge; dan 3) nilai Indeks Keanekaragaman. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode jalur berpetak (kombinasi plot dan transek). Jumlah spesies yang ditemukan akan dilihat untuk menjadi dasar penentuan komposisi jenis. Untuk pengkuran struktur komunitas mangrove dengan melakukan perhitungan terhadap Kerapatan Relatif (KR) dan Frekuensi Relatif (FR). Selanjutnya data yang didapatkan ditabulasikan untuk memperoleh nilai Indeks Nilai Penting (INP). Perhitungan keanekaragaman jenis menggunakan rumus (Sannon-wienner). Hasil penelitian menemukan 12 spesies tumbuhan mangrove asosiasi yakni Acanthus spinosus, Chromolaena odorata, Crassocephalum sp, Calotropis gigantean, Ipomea pes-caprae, Ricinus communis Excoecaria agallocha, Scaevola taccada, Spinifex littoreus, Terminalia catappa, Derris trifoliate dan Nypa fruticans. Struktur komunitas menunjukkan Chromolaena odorata memiliki nilai INP sebesar 33,2%, Kerapatan Relatif sebesar 24,91%, dan Frekuensi Relatif sebesar 8,33%. Spesies dengan nilai INP terendah dimiliki oleh Nypa fruticans yaitu sebesar 9,14%, Kerapatan Relatif sebesar 0,81%, dan Frekuensi Relatif sebesar 8,33%. Nilai Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’) mangrove asosiasi sebesar 2,175 dan termasuk dalam kriteria tingkat keanekaragaman sedang. Data yang diperoleh ini dapat digunakan dalam pengelolaan hutan mangrove di Gorontalo Utara serta dapat menjadi database dalam usaha konservasi mangrove guna mengurangi efek pemanasan global.Langge mangrove forest located in the District of North Gorontalo District Orchid has a uniqueness of zoning patterns and keanekragaman types. This is what makes the mangrove forests in the region as a tourist attraction tracking mangrove known as the "mangrove in love. Mangrove forests have a variety of ecological functions is very complex which is a spawning area (spawing ground), point of care (nursery grounds), and foraging (feeding ground) various types of marine life and has the economic function of which pieces of mangrove can be processed into various products cake and alternative food sources instead of rice. This study aims to: 1) to determine the association of mangrove species composition; 2) to determine the community structure of mangrove forests Langge; and 3) the value of diversity index. The method used in this study is a terraced path method (combination of plots and transects). The composition of the types of views based on the number of species found. For sizing mangrove community structure by calculating the Relative Density (KR) and Relative Frequency (FR). Then the data obtained are tabulated to get the value of Importance Value Index (IVI). Calculation of species diversity using the formula (Sannon-wienner). The study found an association of twelve species of mangrove plants and the relative dominance (DR), then the data obtained are tabulated to get the value of Importance Value Index (IVI). Calculation of species diversity using the formula (Sannon-wienner). The study found an association of eight species of mangrove plants and the relative dominance (DR), then the data obtained are tabulated to get the value of Importance Value Index (IVI). Calculation of species diversity using the formula (Sannon-wienner). The study found an association of twelve species of mangrove plantsnamely Acanthus spinosus, Chromolaena odorata, Crassocephalum sp, Calotropis gigantean, Ipomea pes-caprae, Ricinus communis Excoecaria agallocha, Scaevola taccada, Spinifex littoreus, Terminalia catappa, Derris trifoliate dan Nypa fruticans. Community structure showed Chromolaena odorata has a value of IVI of 33,2%, amounting to 24,91% Relative Density and Relative Frequency of 8,33%. The species with the lowest IVI owned by Nypa fruticans that is equal to 9,14%, 0,81% Relative Density and Relative Frequency of 8,33%. Values Diversity Index (H ') at 2.175 and mangrove associates included in the criteria for a medium level of diversity. The data obtained can be used in the management of mangrove forests in North Gorontalo and can be a database of mangrove conservation efforts to reduce the effects of global warming.

Integrasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Lindi Hitam dengan COD dan TSS Tinggi dari Proses Pembuatan Bioetanol Ajeng Arum Sari; Sudarno Sudarno
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Vol 17, No 1 (2019): April 2019
Publisher : School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro Univer

Limbah lindi hitam merupakan limbah yang berasal dari proses pretreatment tandan kosong kelapa sawit menjadi bioetanol, dimana sampai saat ini tidak memiliki perhatian yang khusus. Limbah pada konsentrasi tertentu dengan melewati batas yang ditetapkan akan menimbulkan pencemaran dan dapat mempengaruhi kondisi lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik dari lindi hitam dan juga untuk mengetahui efisiensi pengolahan limbah lindi hitam dengan menggunakan kombinasi dari metode koagulasi – flokulasi, AOPs fenton dan adsorpsi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode jartest, dengan variabel bebas adalah parameter COD, TSS, dan warna. Pada hasil akhir pengolahan didapatkan efisiensi pada metode koagulasi dengan dosis PAC 30g/L efisiensi penurunan COD sebesar 81,68%, TSS sebesar 82,38%, warna sebesar 60,31%. pada metode fenton dengan dosis H2O2 100 ml/L efisiensi penurunan COD sebesar 66,81%, TSS sebesar 53,91%, warna sebesar 67,90%. Dan pada metode adsorpsi dengan karbon aktif 20 g efisiensi penurunan COD sebesar 93,30%, TSS sebesar 18,36%, warna sebesar 90,06%. Dari seluruh kombinasi metode pengolahan tersebut didapatkan efisiensi penurunan COD sebesar 99,47%, TSS sebesar 92,59%, warna sebesar 98,14%.

Analisis Kedalaman dan Kualitas Air Tanah di Kecamatan Hulonthalangi Kota Gorontalo Aang Panji Permana
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Vol 17, No 1 (2019): April 2019
Publisher : School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro Univer

ABSTRAKAir tanah merupakan sumber utama cadangan air tawar yang bekerja dalam siklus hidrostatik. Air tanah disediakan untuk konsumsi manusia, pertanian, industri dan banyak ekosistem yang bergantung pada air tanah, terutama selama musim kemarau. Kecamatan Hulonthalangi secara geografis terletak bagian selatan Kota Gorontalo berbatasan langsung dengan Teluk Tomini terdiri dari 5 kelurahan yakni Donggala, Pohe, Siendeng, Tenda dan Tanjung Kramat. Jumlah penduduknya 16.304 yang dilalui tiga sungai yakni Sungai Bone, Bolango dan Tamalate. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kedalaman muka air tanah dangkal secara pasti dengan mengukur langsung sumur warga. Selain itu penelitian ini juga bertujuan mengetahui kualitas air tanah dengan analisis parameter fisika dan kimia. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Analisis kualitatif mengamati kualias air tanah berdasarkan parameter fisika seperti warna, bau, rasa dan keterdapatan endapan serta mewawancara warga. Untuk analisis kuantitatif mengukur dan memplot koordinat, elevasi, kedalaman air tanah dan kandungan kimia. Hasil dan pembahasan penelitian menunjukan kedalaman muka air tanah rata-rata 2,87 - 4,04 meter. Pola aliran air tanah terbagi dua yakni dari tenggara ke barat laut dan dari timur ke barat. Analisis kualitas air, untuk warna 16% sampel terindikasi perlu tindaklanjut analisis laboratorium. Parameter bau 12% sampel tidak memenuhi syarat, untuk rasa 24% sampel tidak memenuhi syarat dan untuk endapan 14% sampel terindikasi tindaklanjut analisis laboratorium. Pemanfaatan air tanah 24% untuk kebutuhan pokok temasuk air minum. Analisis kimia di Stasiun 46 Kelurahan Pohe merupakan depot air minum mengandung besi 0,02 mg/l, nitrat 1,2 mg/l dan arsen 0 mg/l memenuhi standar kesehatan. ABSTRACT Ground water is the main source of freshwater reserves that work in the hydrostatic cycle. Groundwater is provided for human consumption, agriculture, industry and many ecosystems that depend on ground water, especially during dry seasons. Hulonthalangi Subdistrict is geographically located south of Gorontalo City adjacent to Tomini Bay consists of 5 villages namely Donggala, Pohe, Siendeng, Tenda and Tanjung Kramat. The population of 16,304 passes through three rivers namely Bone, Bolango and Tamalate Rivers. This study aims to determine the depth of shallow groundwater face with certainty by directly measuring the residents' wells. In addition, this study also aims to determine the quality of groundwater with the analysis of physical and chemical parameters. The method used is qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis observes the quality of groundwater based on physical parameters such as color, odor, taste and sediment deposit and interviewing citizens. For quantitative analysis measures and ploting the coordinates, elevation, depth of ground water and chemical content. Results and discussion of the study showed the depth of groundwater averaging 2.87 - 4.04 meters. The pattern of groundwater flow is divided into two, namely from southeast to northwest and east to west. Analysis of water quality, for the color of 16% samples indicated need follow-up laboratory analysis. The odor parameter of 12% samples was not eligible, for a taste of 24% unqualified samples and for precipitation 14% samples indicated follow-up laboratory analysis. Utilization of ground water 24% for basic needs including drinking water. Chemical analysis at Station 46 Pohe Village is drinking water depot contain 0.02 mg/l iron, 1.2 mg/l nitrate and 0 mg/l arsen meets health standards.

Identifikasi Kawasan Pertambangan Timah Menggunakan Data Satelit Sentinel – 1 dengan Metode Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) Udhi C Nugroho; Dony Kushardono; Esthi K Dewi
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Vol 17, No 1 (2019): April 2019
Publisher : School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro Univer

Berdasarkan data Pendapatan Nasional Indonesia 2017, sektor pertambangan dan penggalian mempunyai peran penting bagi Indonesia. Sektor ini menyumbangkan 7,57% pada produk domestik bruto Indonesia di tahun 2017 . Salah satu sektor pertambangan yang potensial di Indonesia adalah pertambangan mineral Timah di Pulau Bangka dan Belitung. Namun kegiatan pertambangan ini banyak menimbulkan dampak negatif dari sisi lingkungan. Salah satu upaya awal untuk menanggulangi dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan adalah melakukan identifikasi kawasan pertambangan timah secara spasial. Teknologi yang dapat membantu untuk hal ini salah satunya adalah teknologi penginderaan jauh radar. Penelitian ini menggunakan data satelit radar sentinel-1 yang diluncurkan oleh European Space Agency (ESA). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah pemanfaatan data radar Sentinel-1 untuk identifikasi kawasan pertambangan menggunakan metode Object-Base Image Analysis (OBIA). Data sentinel-1 disegmentasi menggunakan algorithma multiresolution segmentation kemudian di klasifikasi menggunakan algorithma nearest neighbor. Masukan data yang digunakan untuk proses klasifikasi dibuat menjadi dua variasi, yang pertama adalah data standar deviasi, mean, dan brightness pada masing – masing segmen di tiap band, kemudian variasi kedua adalah penambahan data tekstur berupa nilai grey level coocurance matrix (GLCM). Hasil klasifikasi menunjukan bahwa masukan data yang menggunakan data tekstur GLCM mempunyai akurasi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang tanpa data tekstur GLCM. Secara statisktik Hasil klasifikasi dengan type satu menunjukan bahwa total akurasi nya adalah sebesar 89,0 %, dengan nilai kappa sebesar 0,48 sedangkan untuk type dua menunjukan bahwa total akurasinya adalah 89,3%, dengan kappa sebesar 0,50. Hasil klasifikasi kawasan pertambangan dapat digunakan sebagai masukan awal dalam rangka identifikasi spasial kerusakan lingkungan akibat aktivitas pertambangan.

The Conflicts of Ultilization of Forest Area in Bukit Basa Limited Production Forest, Rejang Lebong District, Bengkulu Province Gunggung Senoaji
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Vol 17, No 1 (2019): April 2019
Publisher : School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro Univer

Bukit Basa Limited Production Forest covers 125 hectares, located in Rejang Lebong District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. The main function of limited production forest is to yield forest products, timber and non timber. In Bukit Basa Limited Production Forest, there has been a change of land use from forest land to a crop land. There has been conflict in this forest area. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of communities cutivating forest land and to suggest conflict resolution of this forest area. The data were collected by field observation, and interview. The accidental sampling technique was used to select 42 respondents. Legal approaches were used to find solutions to the tenurial conflict. The results showed that land use of Bukit Basa Limited Production Forest, in 2017 was entirely crop land. All of this forest areas have been illegaly occupied by people. The average land area of occupied by a household was 1.24 ha. The people acquired their land by buying (4.76%), renting (21.43%), clearing the forest (42.86%), and inheriting (30.95%). The dependence of this community on the forest area was quite high. Only 38.10% of them had agricultural land outside the forest area; 61.9% depended on the land in the forest area. The contribution of farmers' incomes from agricultural business in forest land was 77.22% of their total income. The legalization of the use of limited production forests as crop lands must be enforced through policy schemes of community-based forest management, such as community forests, village forests, community plantations forest, or partnerships.

Fikoremediasi Kualitas Lindi TPA Jatibarang Terhadap Efektifitas Lemna minor L dan Ipomoea aquatica Forkks Erwin Nofiyanto; Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati; Munifatul Izzati
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Vol 17, No 1 (2019): April 2019
Publisher : School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro Univer

TPA Jatibarang adalah satu-satunya tempat pemerosesan akhir sampah di kota Semarang, yang menghasilkan air lindi dalam jumlah yang besar dengan tingkat polutan yang sangat tinggi seperti amonia-nitrogen, logam berat, garam anorganik dan diklorinasi organik sehingga perlu dilakukan remediasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui fikoremediasi kualitas lindi TPA Jatibarang terhadap efektifitas Lemna minor L dan Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Sampel kelimpahan fitoplankton diambil dari 4 aeraktor yaitu Kontrol tanpa tanaman, Lemna minor L, Ipomoea aquatica Forssk, campuran Lemna minor L dan Ipomoea aquatica Forssk yang diujikan kualitas air lindi (BOD, COD dan TSS) selama 20 hari dengan konsentrasi lindi 100%. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat fitoplankton yang mampu hidup di lindi yaitu Chlorella sp yang dapat di jadikan fikoremediasi kualitas air lindi. Penurunan BOD, COD dan TSS paling tinggi terjadi pada hari kelima dan keduapuluh walaupun masih diatas baku mutu. BOD, COD dan TSS pada hari kelima mengalami penurunan masing-masing 55%, 55% dan 60% pada perlakuan kontrol dan hari keduapuluh masing-masing 84%, 84% dan 88% terjadi pada perlakuan Lemna minor L diikuti dengan pertumbuhan fitoplankton. Remediasi kualitas air lindi dengan konsentrasi 100% kurang efektif dalam penurunan bahan organik-anorganik sehingga harus diencerkan terlebih dahulu, Fitoplakton pada konsentrasi lindi 100% tidak mampu dalam menaikan oksigen karena dekomposisinya masih jauh lebih kuat dibandingkan oksigen yang dihasilkan.

KOMPARASI NILAI EKONOMI AIR IRIGASI DARI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI BERHUTAN DAN TIDAK BERHUTAN Purwanto Purwanto
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Vol 17, No 1 (2019): April 2019
Publisher : School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro Univer

Many forest areas in Indonesia are converted to other uses. This will impact on the hydrological conditions and the economic value of the water yield. This research applied unit analysis of Sub watersheds, with and without forest cover, Sub DAS Banjaran (forested) and Sub CAS Cangkok (not forested). Desk analysis was conducted to know land use, collecting rainfall data, instantaneous debit measurement to know the discharge of both rivers during the dry season, survey of 15 farmers using irrigation water from Sub watershed of Banjaran and 15 peasants who use irrigation water from Cangkok Sub watershed. Farmers were interviewed about the factors of production and production of rice crops to determine the economic value of water from the two sub watersheds. The results of the study show that: 1). rainfall in Baturraden is quite high (4,302 mm) but for May, July, August and September deficits for rice crops, 2). The forested sub-watershed in Baturraden is better able to regulate the water system than the non-forested sub-watershed, either quality, quantity or continuity, 3). The economic value of water for irrigation from the forested sub-watershed is Rp. 1,270,-/m3 whereas from non-forested sub-watersheds Rp. 373.5,-/m3, and 4). The economic value of water from a forested sub-watershed is Rp. 7,792,720,-/ha/year while those from non-forested sub-watersheds Rp. 2,291,796,-/ha/year. The existence of Baturraden forest is very important to the watershed ecosystem. Forested watershed was a higher economic value of water than non-forested ones so it must be conserved by involving the water user communities.

Penerapan Paket Teknologi Ramah Lingkungan Untuk Mengurangi Emisi Metana (CH4) Di Lahan Sawah Hesti Yulianingrum; Helena Lina Susilawati; Ali Pramono
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Vol 17, No 1 (2019): April 2019
Publisher : School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro Univer

Perubahan iklim (PI) memerlukan perhatian yang serius, khususnya di sektor pertanian karena sector ini merupakan sumber dan kurban dari adanya PI. Oleh karena itu, perlu pendekatan dalam pengembangan pertanian untuk menghadapi PI salah satunya melalui Climarte Smart Agriculture (CSA) yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas, adaptasi dan mitigasi terhadap PI. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendapat informasimengenai paket teknologi ramah lingkungan di lahan sawah dalam meningkatkan produksi padi dan menurunkan emisi metana CH4. Penelitian dilaksanakan di 3 lahan milik petani (Desa Kemangi, Desa Glentengan, dan Desa Blao) kecamatan Jaken, kabupaten Pati, Jawa Tengah dengan mengintroduksikan paket teknologi ramah lingkungan budidaya padi dan membandingkan dengan cara budidaya petani konvensional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penelitian, Lokasi 3 desa Blao menghasilkan kombinasi emisi CH4 rendah dan menghasilkan rata-rata GKP tinggi. Lokasi 2 desa Glentengan menghasilkan emisi CH4 tinggi dan produksi rata rata GKP tinggi. Lokasi 1 desa Kemangi menghasilkan emisi CH4 rendah dan produksi GKP rendah. Emisi CH4 pada perlakuan introduksi berkisar 245-463 kg CH4/ha/musim sedangkan pada perlakuan konvensional berkisar 214-612 kg CH4/ha/musim. Hasil GKP pada perlakuan introduksi berkisar 6,12-7,72 ton/ha sedangkan pada perlakuan konvensional hasil GKP berkisar 5,58-6,58 ton/ha. Penerapan paket teknologi ramah lingkungan dapat mengurangi emisi CH4 sebesar 12,8 % serta dapat meningkatkan rata rata hasil GKP sebesar 9,8 %.

KARAKTERISTIK HIDROLOGI PADA DUA DAS KECIL DI WILAYAH UPT PSDA DI SURABAYA : ANALISIS MENGGUNAKAN INDICATORS OF HYDROLOGIC ALTERATION (IHA) Indarto Indarto; Isfi roni Rohman; Idah Andriyani
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Vol 17, No 1 (2019): April 2019
Publisher : School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro Univer

This research proposes to evaluate whether there has been a change in hydrological regimes of the watershed. The research was conducted at the the administrative area of UPT PSDA Surabaya. Furthermore, Surabaya-Perning and Lamong-Simoanggrok watersheds were used as a sample for this study. The analysis was conducted using the Indicator of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA). The main input is the daily discharge data series from the two watersheds. The discharge data range from 1996 to 2015. Then, the time series data is divided into two periods, the pre-impact period (1996-2005) and the post-impact period (2006-2015). A total of 33 IHA parameters classified into 5 categories were used to evaluate the change. The results of the assessment are then used for RVA (Range of Variable approach) calculations. RVA calculations were used to discover changes occurring from the pre-impact period to the post-impact period. The data series from the two watersheds also analyzed using Environmental Flow Components (EFC) and Flow Duration Curves (FDC). The result of the research shows the difference in parameter value that indicating the hydrological change between the pre-impact period and the post-impact period. RVA analysis results show an increased flow in the Surabaya-Perning watershed from January to September and December. RVA analysis results also show an increased flow in the Lamong-Simoanggrok watershed from January to July and December. The results of the EFC analysis can provide information about flows that have the potential to cause floods and droughts. The Surabaya-Perning watershed has the potential to encounter a small flood with a value 254,7 m3/s which last for 9 days with a chance of occurring 0,5 times every 2 years.

PENENTUAN PRIORITAS PENANGANAN BANJIR GENANGAN BERDASARKAN TINGKAT KERAWANAN MENGGUNAKAN TOPOGRAPHIC WETNESS INDEX Studi Kasus di DAS Solo Arina Miardini; Grace Serepina Saragih
Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Vol 17, No 1 (2019): April 2019
Publisher : School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro Univer

The increasing frequency of flood events is an indication of the failure of watershed management. Natural resource utilization activities in the Solo watershed tend to be intensive from upstream to downstream, cause a decrease in the carrying capacity of the watershed. To restore the carrying capacity of the watershed, efforts are needed to monitor and evaluate watersheds. The initial stage that needs to be done is to ensure the accuracy of the flood-prone areas by determining priority areas. The purpose of the study is to determine the flood-prone areas in the Solo watershed based on the level of flood vulnerability. Flood vulnerability is influenced by topographic conditions. The Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) method was used to determine the flood-prone areas. The high TWI value indicates that the area has high flood vulnerability and is associated with flat topography with high flow density. This method is based on raster data was derived from DEM 30 m data which is reduced to slope through spatial analysis tools and the accumulation flow is analyzed using Watershed Delineation Tools (WDT). Based on the results of the analysis, the priority of flood handling is determined in the criterion-very vulnerable area with TWI 11.65-38.30 identified as 387098.23 ha (39.68%). Flood handling in the Solo watershed is prioritized on 1) Bojonegoro Regency covering 105215.13 ha, 2) Ngawi (56810.68 ha), 3) Madiun (44102.06 ha), 4) Tuban covering an area of 43072.06 ha, and 5) Ponorogo (35853.62 ha).

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