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Menara Perkebunan
Published by Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit
ISSN : 01259318     EISSN : 18583768     DOI : -
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Menara Perkebunan as a communication medium for research in estate crops published articles covering original research result on the pre- and post-harvest biotechnology of estate crops. The contents of the articles should be directed for solving the problems of production and/or processing of estate crops of smallholder, private plantations and state-owned estates, based on the three dedications of plantation. Analyses of innovative research methods and techniques in biotechnology, which are important for advancing agricultural research. Critical scientific reviews of research result in agricultural and estate biotechnology.
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 68 No. 1: 68(1), 2000" : 5 Documents clear
Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in tea by temporary liquid immersion Embriogenesis somatik langsung dan regenerasi tanaman teh melalui perendaman sesaat J S TAHARDI; Tatik RAISAWATI; Imron RIYADI; W A DODD
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 68 No. 1: 68(1), 2000
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v68i1.133

Abstract

Ringkasan Perbanyakan tanaman teh [Camellia sinen­sis (L.) O. Kuntze] melalui stek tunas berdaun tunggal hanya dapat menghasilkan klon unggul dalam jumlah terbatas. Oleh sebab itu diperlukan metode alternatif dengan teknik kultur sel dan jaringan untuk perbanyakan klonal secara cepat. Dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan metode yang lebih efektif untuk regenerasi tanaman teh melalui embriogenesis somatik langsung. Massa pro­embriogenik dari eksplan kotiledon dihasilkan dengan frekuensi 56,7% dalam media MS padat setengah konsentrasi yang mengandung BAP 2 mg1L. Proliferasi, perkembangan, pendewasaan dan perkecambahan embrio somatik diperoleh dengan sistem perendaman sesaat (SPS) yang menggunakan media MS cair setengah konsen­trasi, yang diperkaya dengan zat pengatur tumbuh dengan berbagai konsentrasi. Proliferasi embrio meningkat 4,3 kali dalam media yang diberi BAP 2 mglL; perkembangan dan pendewasaannya meningkat dengan penambahan kinetin dan ABA masing-masing pada konsentrasi 0,1 mg1L yang 30% diantaranya berkecambah dan membentuk planlet tanpa penambahan zat pengatur tumbuh. Protokol SPS tersebut merupakan sistem in vitro yang berpotensi bagi proliferasi dan perkembang­an embrio somatik tanaman teh yang cepat dan sinkron dari kultur kotiledon, serta regenerasinya menjadi planlet tanpa melalui fase kalus.Summary Tea propagation by single-leaf bud cuttings has limited applications for rapid dissemination of planting materials from new elite clones. An alternative method for rapid cloning by cell and tissue culture technique is necessary. In this study we have established an improved method for tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] plant regenera­tion via direct somatic embryogenesis. Clumps of proembryogenic masses were initiated at a fre­quency of 56.7% from cotyledonary slices cul­tured on a half-strength MS agar-gelled medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP. Proliferation, development, maturation and germination of so­matic embryos were achieved using the temporary immersion system (TIS) provided with half­strength MS liquid media supplemented with varying concentrations of growth regulators. Em­bryo proliferation increased by 4.3-fold in me­dium provided with 2 mg/L BAP; their develop­ment and maturation were enhanced by the presence of both kinetin and ABA at 0.1 mg/L each. Germination and plant recovery were achieved at a frequency of about 30% without the use of growth regulators. The TIS protocol des­cribed above represents an in vitro system poten­tial for rapid proliferation and synchronized development of tea somatic embryos from cotyledon cultures, and their regeneration into plantlets without an intervening callus phase.
Nucleotide sequence of cryIA gene cloned from Btk isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis and comparison with cryIA(c) gene from B. thuringiensis subsp. kenyae Sekuen nukleotida gen cryIA dari B.thuringiensis isolat Btk dibandingkan dengan gen crylA(c) dari B. thuringiensis subsp. Kenyae Asmini BUDIANI; Djoko SANTOSO
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 68 No. 1: 68(1), 2000
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v68i1.134

Abstract

Ringkasan Perakitan tanaman perkebunan yang toleran terhadap serangga hama dapat ditempuh melalui rekayasa genetika menggunakan gen cry. Gen cryIA merupakan gen cry yang paling banyak dipelajari di antara gen cry lainnya. Berdasarkan homology sekuen dan spesifisitas protein yang disandinya terhadap serangga sasaran, gen ini telah diklasifikasikan menjadi 10 subklas. Tulisan ini melaporkan hasil sekuensing (ragmen gen cryIA penyandi domain toksin yang diisolasi dengan teknik PCR dari Bacillus thuringiensis isolat Btk dan diklon menggunakan vektor pGEM­T. Untuk menentukan sekuen gen cryIA yang berukuran sekitar 2 kb tersebut, dilakukan kons­truksi satu seri mutan terdelesi searah dari ujung 5' menggunakan kit Erase-a-Base-System. Tiga DNA gen cryIA mutan dengan tingkat delesi yang sesuai dan satu nonmutan dipilih untuk sekuensing DNAnya. Sekuensing dilakukan dari satu arah menggunakan primer universal SP6 pada alat ABI 377A automatic DNA sequencer. Sekuen lengkap dari gen cryIA diperoleh dengan cara meng­gabungkan sekuen ketiga mutan dengan sekuen dari gen cryIA nonmutan secara manual. Untuk konfirmasi sekuen ujung 3', dilakukan sekuensing dari arah lainnya menggunakan primer universal T7. Sekuen lengkap dari fragmen tersebut mengandung 2021 nukleotida dan menyandi protein dengan 673 asam amino. Dibandingkan dengan sekuen gen crylA(c) dari B. thuringiensis subsp. kenyae, terlihat adanya sepuluh mutasi titik masing-masing pada nukleotida ke 444, 477, 1089, 1092, 1098, 1242, 1566, 1869, 1906 dan 1961. Tujuh mutasi titik pada nukleotida ke 444, 477, 1089, 1092, 1242, 1566, dan 1869 tidak merubah asam amino, sedangkan tiga mutasi lainnya mengakibatkan perubahan asam amino, yaitu pada nukleotida ke 1098 (kodon ke 366, yang menyebabkan perubahan dari Phe menjadi Leu), nukleotida ke 1906 (kodon ke 636, yang mengubah Val menjadi Leu) dan pada nukleotida ke 1961(kodon ke 654, yang mengubah Cys menjadi Tyr).Summary Estate crops tolerant to pests can be devel­opment through genetic engineering using cry gene. CryIA is the best studied among cry genes. Based on the sequence homology and specificity of their encoded proteins to the, targeted insect, these genes have been classified into 10 sub­classes. This paper reports sequencing of cryIA gene fragment en-coding toxin domain isolated from Btk isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis using PCR technique and cloned with pGEM-T vector. To determine the full sequence of the 2-kb gene fragment, a series of mutants uni-directionally deleted at the 5'-end were constructed. Mutation was done using Erase-a Base-System kit. Three DNA mutants with appropriate degree of deletion and the un-mutated DNA were chosen for sequencing. Sequencing was conducted from one direction with SP6 universal primer using the ABI 377A automatic DNA sequencer. The full sequence of cryIA fragment was assembled manually using the sequences of DNA mutants and the non-mutant cryIA fragment. To confirm the sequence of the 3'-end, sequencing from the other direction was performed using the T7 universal primer.The completed sequence of the fragment contains 2021 nucleotides encoding a protein of 673 amino acids. Compares to the sequence of cryIA(c) from B. thuringiensis subsp. kenyae, it was shown that there were ten point mutations (nucleotides of 444, 477, 1089, 1092, 1098, 1242, 1566, 1869, 1906 and 1961), sevent of them (nucleotides of 444, 477, 1089, 1092, 1242, 1566 and 1869) were identified as silent mutations, while the other three substituted the amino acids, which are at the nucleotide 1089 (codon 366, substitution of Leu for Phe), nucleotide 1906 (codon 636, substitution of Leu for Val), and nucleotide 1961 (codon 654, substitution of Tyr for Cys).
Physiological and biochemical changes in cocoa seed (Theobroma cacao L.) caused by desiccation Perubahan fisiologi dan biokimia benih kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) akibat desikasi Nurita TORUAN-MATHIUS; . RACHMAWATI-HASID; . NURHAIMI-HARIS; Tolhas HUTABARAT
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 68 No. 1: 68(1), 2000
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v68i1.135

Abstract

 Ringkasan Benih kakao tergolong rekalsitran, benihnya sensitif terhadap desikasi dan apabila disimpan pada kondisi yang menyebabkan kehilangan air, benih akan kehilangan viabilitasnya. Viabilitas benih kakao hanya dapat dipertahankan beberapa hari saja dalam keadaan terbuka pada suhu kamar. Hal ini merupakan kendala dalam penyimpanan dan pengiriman benih kakao. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menetapkan pengaruh desikasi terhadap karakter fisiologis dan biokimia benih kakao. Benih ICS 60 (kakao lindak) dan DR2 (kakao mulia) diletakkan dalam cawan Petri kemudian disimpan pada suhu 25oC dan Rh 55-75% selama empat hari. Percobaan dilakukan dengan rancang­an petak terpisah, petak utama adalah kandungan air awal dan kritikal. Sebagai anak petak adalah jenis kakao, masing-masing diulang empat kali. Peubah fisiologis yang diukur adalah viabilitas benih mencakup kandungan air benih, potensi tumbuh maksimum, daya berkecambah, kecepatan tumbuh, bobot kering kecambah normal, dan laju pertumbuhan kecambah normal. Di samping itu juga dilakukan pengamatan pola pita protein benih yang dianalisis dengan SDS-PAGE. Kandungan asam absisik (ABA) dan gula stahiosa, raftnosa, glukosa, fruktosa, arabinosa, silosa, serta sukrosa dalam benih yang ditetapkan dengan HPLC Integritas membran benih ditetapkan berdasarkan daya hantar listrik air perendaman benih yang diukur dengan konduktometer. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa adanya interaksi yang nyata antara desikasi dengan seluruh tolok ukur fisiologis. Desikasi menyebabkan penurunan daya ber­kecambah, bobot kering dan laju pertumbuhan kecambah normal, potensi tumbuh maksimum dan kecepatan tumbuh. Sedang untuk, kandungan ABA, sukrosa, arabinosa dan rafinosa mengalami peningkatan. Di samping itu desikasi menyebabkan dibentuknya protein baru dengan BM 32,5; 47,0 dan 51,0 kDa (DR2); 47,0 dan 51,0 kD (ICS 60). Beberapa protein yang hilang oleh pengaruh desikasi yaitu dengan BM37, 0 (DR2), 19, 0 dan 37, 0 kD (ICS60). Benih ICS60 lebih tahan terhadap desikasi dibandingkan dengan benih DR2. Summary Seed of cocoa is recalcitrant and sensitive to desiccation. In open condition at room temperature, the viability of cocoa seed ultimately lost for several days. These characters are a problem for seed storage and delivery. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of desiccation on physi­ological and biochemical characters of cocoa seed. Seeds of ICS 60 (bulk cocoa) and DR2 (fine cocoa) were placed on Petri dishes and stored at 25oC, Rh 55-75% for four days (critical water content). The experiment was conducted with split plot analysis, (1) The main plot was the storage condition initial and critical seeds water content. (2) The sub plot was the variety of cocoa, with four replications of each treatment. The effect of desiccation on seeds viability was tested, based on seed water content, maximum growth potential, seed germination, germination rate, dry weight of normal seedling, and seedling growth rate. Besides, the changes of seed proteins band pattern were also analysed by SDS­PAGE. Abscisic acid, stachyose, raffnose, fructose, arabinose, xyllose, and sucrose seed content were determined by HPLC. The integrity of seed membrane based on the leakage of electrolytes from seeds was measured with a CM 100 multicell conductivity meter. The results showed that there is an interaction with highly significant correlation between desiccation and all of the physiological and biochemical parameters. Desiccation caused the decrease of seed germination, dry weight and growth rate'of normal seedling, maximum growth potential, and germination rate and while the leakage of electrolytes, ABA, sucrose, arabinose and raffinose increased. Besides, desiccation was also caused the formation of new proteins with MW 32.5, 47,0 and 51,0 kDa (DR2); 47,0 and 51,0 kD ICS 60) . On the other hand, several protein were disappeared i.e. MW 37,0 (DR2), 19,0 and 37,0 kD (ICS60). Seeds of ICS 60 are more tolerant to desiccation than seeds of DR2. 
Continuously increasing of unsaturation level of crude palm oil using fermentation broth of Absidia corymbifera Peningkatan ketidakjenuhan minyak sawit kasar secara kontinyu menggunakan cairan fermentasi Absidia corymbifera . TRI-PANJI
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 68 No. 1: 68(1), 2000
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v68i1.136

Abstract

Ringkasan Absidia corymbifera merupakan fungi peng­hasil asam lemak takjenuh majemuk yaitu asam linoleat dan asam y-linolenat. Produksi asam lemak jenis ini berkaitan dengan aktivitas enzim desaturase yang terdapat balk di dalam sel maupun di dalam cairan fermentasi (di luar sel). Enzim ini berpotensi untuk dimanfaatkan dalam biokonversi enzimatik guna meningkatkan ketidak­jenuhan minyak sawit kasar (CPO). Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan ketidakjenuhan minyak sawit kasar melalui biokonversi enzimatis secara kontinyu menggunakan cairan fermentasi Absidia corymbifera Pertama, fungi ini dikulturkan dalam media cair mengandung CPO dengan suplemen garam tertentu menggunakan bioreaktor film per­mukaan. Setelah inkubasi, biomassa fungi disaring dan sisa CPO dipisahkan. Cairan fermentasi diisi­kan ke dalam kolom gelas dan CPO dipompakan dari bagian bawah kolom menggunakan pompa peristaltik Analisis komposisi asam lemak dilaku­kan terhadap CPO sebelum dan setelah bio­konversi serta terhadap lipid biomassa. Karakter­isasi lipid dilakukan terhadap CPO sebelum dan setelah biokonversi, meliputi angka asam, angka iod, dan angka penyabunan. Hasil penelitian me­nunjukkan bahwa cairan fermentasi A. corym­bifera mampu meningkatkan ketidakjenuhan CPO dan kandungan asam lemak talfenuh majemuk Peningkatan ketidakjenuhan berkurang selama proses biokonversi kontinyu yang diduga disebab­kan menurunnya aktivitas enzim desaturase. Angka asam dan angka penyabunan tidak me­ningkat secara nyata yang menunjukkan bahwa pada proses tersebut tidak terjadi pemecahan gliserida dari CPO.Summary Absidia corymbifera is a fungus producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), namely linoleic and y-linolenic acids. Production of these kind of fatty acids is related to the acitivity of desaturase enzyme existing both inside and outside cell (in fermentation broth). This enzyme is potential to be used in enzymatic bioconversion for increasing unsaturation level of crude palm oil (CPO). The objective of this research was to increase unsaturation level of CPO through con­tinuous enzymatic bioconversion using fermen­tation broth of A. corymbifera. This fungus was firstly cultured on a media containing CPO supplemented with certain salts using surface film bioreactor. After incubation, fungal biomass was filtered and residual CPO was then separated. Fermentation broth was filled to a glass column and CPO was pumped from the bottom side of the column using a peristaltic pump. Analysis of fatty acid composition was carried out on CPO before and after bioconversion as well as to lipid biomass. Lipid characterization was carried out for CPO before and after bioconversion, including acid, iodine and saponification numbers. The results showed that fermentation broth of A. corymbifera was capable of increasing unsaturation level CPO and the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Desaturation process decreased during bioconversion which was possibly caused by the decrease of activity of desaturase enzyme. Acid and saponification numbers did not increase significantly, indicated that hydrolysis glyceride of CPO did not occur.
Bioactivation of phosphate rocks by indigenous phosphate-solubilizing fungi Bioaktivasi fosfat alam oleh fungi pelarut fosfat setempat H WIDIASTUTI; Didiek H GOENADI; . TRI-PANJI; L P SANTI; P FATURACHIM; N MARDIANA; I HARIANTO; . ISROI
Menara Perkebunan Vol. 68 No. 1: 68(1), 2000
Publisher : INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v68i1.137

Abstract

Ringkasan Efektivitas fungi pelarut fosfat (FPF) dalam meningkatkan kelarutan fosfor (P) fosfat alam (FA) sangat dipengaruhi oleh kesesuaian isolat fungi dengan mineralogi batuan fosfat. Satu seri percobaan laboratorium telah dilakukan untuk menetapkan potensi supernatan kultur cair (SKC) dari FPF asal tanah dan batuan tambang FA eks­Cileungsi dan Madura untuk meningkatkan kelarutan FA eks-Cileungsi (FAQ dan eks­Madura (FAM) dalam pembuatan superfosfat yang diaktivasi secara biologi (SPab). Kegiatan penelitian meliputi: (1) seleksi pelarutan P-FPF dalam medium Pikovskaya, (2) pengujian kemampuan pelarutan P-FAC, P-FAM, P-Ca3 (PO4)z, dan P AIP04 isolat-isolat terseleksi, dan (3) optimasi pembuatan SPab dengan isolat ter­pilih. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan dua ulangan. Dari hasil isolasi diperoleh 50 isolat FPF, 17 isolat di antaranya berpotensi dalam melarutkan fosfat yang ditandai pembentukan zona bening yang intensif di sekitar koloni. Dari ketujuh belas isolat tersebut sepuluh isolat berasal dari Lulut (Cileungsi), dan tujuh isolat lainnya berasal dari Madura (masing-masing dua isolat dari Socah dan Aengnyior serta tiga isolat dari Korbe). Berdasarkan kemampuan melarutkan P dari FAC, FAM, Ca3(PO4)2, dan AIP04 diperoleh masing-masing tiga isolat dari Cileungsi dan Madura. Dari keenam isolat tersebut empat isolat di antaranya tergolong Penicillium sp. dan dua isolat lainnya termasuk Aspergillus sp. Di antara keenam isolat tersebut isolat Korbe 0909 memiliki kemampuan iertinggi dalam melarutkan P dari semua sumber P. Kandungan P-FAC lebih tinggi daripada FAM dan mendekati FA eks Maroko. SKC dapat menggantikan fungsi H2SO4 (98%) dalam melarutkan P-FA. SPab Cileungsi mengan­dung P nyata lebih tinggi daripada FAC yang diaktivasi secara konvensional, namun pada SPab Madura kandungan P larut air nyata lebih rendah, sedangkan P larut asam sitrat 2% dan perklorat sebanding dengan FAM yang diaktivasi secara konvensional. Aktivasi FA oleh SKC dapat menurunkan konsentrasi asam fosfat (H3PO4) dari 52% menjadi 42%. Kelarutah P (asam sitrat 2% dan air) dan kandungan sulfur-SPab Cileungsi dan Madura nyata lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan SP36.Summary The effectiveness of phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF) in enhancing phosphorus (P) solubility of phosphate rocks (PR) is assumed to be depen­dent on the suitability of the fungal isolate to the mineralogycal composition of the rocks. A laboratory study was conducted to determine the phosphate solubilizing ability of liquid culture supernatants (LCS) of PSF isolated from various PR deposits and adjacent soils, i.e. at Cileungsi in West Java and the island of Madura in East Java to enhance the reactivity of PR from deposits at Cileungsi (CPR) and Madura (MPR) and their potential use as agents in the production of bio­logically-activated superphosphate (SPab). Three series of laboratory experiments were conducted: (1) screening isolate on the solubilization of P in Pikovskaya medium; (2) assaying the ability of selected isolates on solubilization of P-CPR, P­MPR, P-Ca3(P04)2 and P-AIPO4, and (3) optimiz­ing superphosphate fertilizer formulation. Com­pletely random design was used as the exper­imental design with two replicates. Seventeen out of 50 PSF isolates were characterized to be highly potential as phosphate solubilizers, as indicated by clear zone formation. Ten isolates were from Lulut (Cileungsi) and seven from Madura island, two from Socah and Aengnyior respectively, and remaining three from Korbe. Regarding the ability of P solubilization of four P sources, six isolates were selected, three each from Cileungsi and Madura. Of these six isolates, four are Penicillium sp., and four belong to Aspergillus sp. The Asper­gillus sp. isolate Korbe 0909 was found to be the highest in P-solubilization of various sources of P. Based on the P dissolving ability of P-CPR and their effectiveness in substituting for sulphuric acid (98%) usually used in conventional produc­tion of superphosphate, the LCS of Korbe 0909 improved significantly the P-PRs dissolution. MPR activated by the LCS yielded a comparable values of 2% citric acid-soluble P content and significantly lower water-soluble P compared with conventional method: Reduction of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) concentration from 52% to 42%, in combination with LCS treatment, produced P dissolution comparable to the conventional meth­od. Although the P solubilization of CSPab and MsPab in both 2% citric acid and water as well as thus content were significantly lower compared with SP36.

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