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INDONESIA
Palmyra Fiber as Additional Materials on Solid Concrete Brick of Aggregate
ISSN : 20399340     EISSN : 20392117     DOI : 10.36941/mjss
The use of waste as an additional material on the building work was increasingly actively developed, such as straw, styrofoam, bagasse, cow manure. The key drivers of the use of waste is the potential for waste is increasing, due to the depletion of non-renewable resources. Papyrus rod diameter 60 cm, length 30 meters, has a volume of 5,652m3 as well as the edges of the Rods that can be used for construction with a thickness of 3 cm has a volume 0,942m3, Pith and fiber volume content of the stem 4,71m3/rod, then in one rod, there are 2 to 3 bunches each fruit bunches yield as much as 20 to 30 items for one harvest, by weight of fruit fiber 101.2 gram / fruit, Fiber characteristics are round and smooth is expected to reduce cracks in solid concrete brick and also can reduce the use of sand. This study aims to determine the compressive strength of the composition of the additional material of Rods fiber content and Fiber of palmyra fruit with a percentage 3%, 6% and 9%, mixing ratio; 1 cement and 5 sand in the manufacture of solid concrete brick. Rods fiber content used the average Ø1,031mm with a tensile strength of single fiber 39,305N / cm and fruit fiber to an average value Ø0,40mm with a tensile strength of single fiber 33,691N / cm. Making test specimen with a length of 20cm, width 10cm and thick 8cm. The test results of compressive strength after 14 days with the lowest value at 3% of additional material combination of fiber content of 6% fiber stem and fruit by 70,384Kg/cm²with a water content of 15,254% In weight position 2,935Kg as well as the highest value on the combination of additional material 0% rods fiber content and 3% fruit fiber by 98,821Kg/cm² with a water content of 15,031% In weight position 3,058Kg. While N (without additional material) with a compressive strength below the average id 63,704Kg/cm2 with water content of 10,167 in weight position 3,072Kg. Research result of solid concrete brick with additional material of rods fiber content and palmyra fruit fiber was included on the type B70, the average value of the compressive strength of 78.57 Kg / cm² (SNI-03-1348-1989) with a water content of <25%.
Articles 1,077 Documents
Factors Influencing Farmers’ Participation in Participatory Irrigation Management: A Comparative Study of two Irrigation Systems in Northern Areas of Pakistan Alam, Arif; Kobayashi, Hajime; Matsumura, Ichizen; Esham, Mohamed; Siddighi, Faridullah; Siddighi, Balde Boubacar
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 No. 9 (2012): Special Issue
Publisher : Richtmann Publishing

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The purpose of this study was to understand how level of satisfaction with improved (IIS) and traditional irrigation systems(TIS) influences the level of participation in participatory irrigation management (PIM). Data was collected from 78 farmers selected bysystematic random sampling technique from two villages (Sultanabad and Parri) belonging to the IIS and TIS from Gilgit district in Gilgit-Batistan northern region of Pakistan. The descriptive analysis shows that four important variables such as adequacy of irrigation water,water availability on fixed turns and condition of present irrigation systems are main factors influencing satisfaction in IIS. However, levelof participation except at the main channel is not significantly different between the two systems. The indices of participation in the mainand field channels in the IIS are positive, while in the TIS these indices are negative which implies that the level of participation by theTIS farmers is low. Finally, by using regression analysis it is statistically confirmed that farmers’ satisfaction, family size, family labour,agricultural income and status of the irrigation system are significant factors influencing farmers` participation in PIM. Moreover, farmertraining and guidance provided to the IIS farmers by the NPIW through the WUAs also contribute to enhance the IIS farmers`participation in PIM. Therefore, strengthening of the institutional arrangements in both systems can enhance farmers` participation inPIM in Northern Areas of Pakistan.
The Mediterranean Muslim Navy and the Expeditions Dispatched against Constantinople Zampaki, Theodora
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 No. 10 (2012): Special Issue
Publisher : Richtmann Publishing

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The aim of this paper is to present an account of the information we find in various Arabic sources of the early periodof Arabic historiography on the preparation of a military naval force and the expeditions launched against Constantinople duringthe period of the early expansion of the Muslim Arabs. Arabic sources give various pieces of information on shipyards, ports aswell the recruitment of local men both in Syria and Egypt in the preparation of a military fleet by the Arab Muslim leaders. TheByzantine naval military bases in Syria and Egypt were taken by the Arabs in the early 7th century, and local men who servedthe Byzantines before, then joined the Arabs. These Arab naval forces were not only engaged in a maritime conflict with theByzantine fleet in the East Mediterranean but also took part both in the expeditions launched against Byzantine territories andespecially in the early sieges of Constantinople, the ultimate aim of all preparations. For the Arabs, the significance ofConstantinople was based not only 􀈠n its political and cultural prestige but also 􀈠n its material affluence. For this reason, fourtimes it was the aim of Arab Muslim forces sent by Arab leaders in Damascus of Syria. Indeed, the Arab navy played animportant role in the East Mediterranean conflict and the expeditions against Constantinople, which are celebrated both inMuslim history and legend, have found their way into the Muslim eschatological literature as well.
Learning to ‘Parenting’: Peer-to-Peer Educational Actions in the Italian Associations of Adoptive Families Silvio, Rossana Di
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 No. 10 (2012): Special Issue
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Abstract

We hardly associate parenthood to a state that must be learned or taught according to classical educative models,rather we think that it is an embedded condition arising “naturally” when we become parents. Nowadays, however, with the riseof the so-called “psy” sciences, the certainty and solidity of a noun - parenthood – has been progressively replaced by theproceedings of a verb - parenting. The idea of parenting as a process of learning (emotional, cognitive and behavioral) finds itsmost concrete expression in the construction of the adoptive parenthood. Based on a two years’ ethnographic research, mypaper aims at highlighting the training action carried out by adoptive associations towards the infertile couples who have decidedto adopt. In a society that is still deeply family-based, such as the Italian one, where kinship ties are grounded in the hegemonicaction of the blood paradigm, a widespread cultural belief claims that a failed bio-reproduction deprives the couples of thatnatural embedded knowledge necessary to be good parents. So, if the rule allows to legitimize the shift from a legal status (thecouple) to another (the family), the associations of adoptive families are authorized by the State to carry out an intensiveeducative action so that the prospective parents can better learn all the qualities, behaviors, responsibilities and emotions typicalof good adoptive parents, according to the “natural” model of the biological parenting.
Mobbing in the Academe: The Case of Albanian Universities Buka, Migena; Karaj, Theodhori
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 No. 10 (2012): Special Issue
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Mobbing is a new concept studied in the organizations, yet it is believed to have existed long before they gave it aname. Leymann (1996) introduced it for the first time, and since then the studies over the phenomenon have expanded. Thepresent study deals with the mobbing in the workplace, in Albania. The study aims at establishing a prevalence of thisphenomenon in academia, with no distinction whether it is a public or private institution. Other international studies have statedthat universities and are the main ground where mobbing especially flourishes. To the researcher’s knowledge there are nostudies to estimate the prevalence of mobbing in Albania. Moreover, it was looked into a correlational relation between mobbingand various consequences, such as turnover intentions, as well as psycho-somatic consequences. Based on other researchers’experiences, it was chosen to use self report questionnaires. 100 questionnaires were distributed to full time lecturers in variousuniversities around Albania. The Negative Act Questionnaire was the instrument to measure mobbing and there were questionsabout different symptoms experienced and the medical expenditures. The percentages were calculated based on Leymann’sdefinition about mobbing (at least once a week, for six months or more). The consequences of this phenomenon as expressed inphysical, psychological symptoms are calculated and discussed.
Role of International Higher Education in Developing Employability: Limitations and Opportunities Masum, Fahria
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 No. 10 (2012): Special Issue
Publisher : Richtmann Publishing

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Employability of graduates is one of the current policy concerns emerging in higher education developments and theimplementation of Bologna process. It calls for a continued proactive role of universities and other higher education institutionstoward developing lasting employability. The research was conducted to evaluate the performance of the MSc Programme LandManagement and Land Tenure at Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Germany in developing better employability of theirstudents. 39 alumni took part in questionnaire survey and focus group discussion. The survey results showed high levels ofgraduates’ satisfaction concerning studies in MSc Programme Land Management and Land Tenure as a whole. During interviewthe alumni also confirmed that different aspects of the academic programme (e.g. curriculum, international experience, alumninetworks) had the highest influence on their career development. However, some factors were identified which hinder theemployability opportunity of alumni.
NATO Enlargement: Past And Present Challenges Methoxha, Inida
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 No. 10 (2012): Special Issue
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NATO has a solid enlargement experience since its creation in 1949. NATO has undergone 6 rounds of enlargements.NATO enlargement policy during Cold War was oriented to prevent the expansion of communist system in the borders of theWest Europe and ensuring the security of this area. The end of the Cold War had its impact on the European securityarchitecture. The collapse of communism provoked significant changes for the European Security and for the North AtlanticOrganization, which remained the only military and political alliance responsible for the security of Euro Atlantic area. This newsecurity environment naturally poses many questions about the NATO’s transformation and brought into question theenlargement policy of the Alliance. This paper attempts to present the past experience and the present challenges of NATOEnlargement, considering that this process has been very controversial and critical. This current paper concludes that despiteuncertainties, NATO should continue its further expansion, providing strong alliances with a view to enhance the contribution tothe peace and to face with the new challenges arising in the international security environment but maintaining the balance withRussia.
Portuguese Diaspora Narratives Padrão, Maria Helena; Vieira, Célia; Rio Novo, Isabel; Oliveira, Clementina; Padrão, Reinaldo
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 No. 10 (2012): Special Issue
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This study seeks to understand the consequences of this phenomenon (Diaspora) in the relocation of humanresources from other countries to Portugal and to evaluate this impact. With decolonization and later integration into theEuropean Union, some changes occurred in social and cultural identity. Portugal has become a host country. This studyexamines the narratives of the portuguese settlers of Angola and the fiction narratives about this subject. We created a databasewith information about individual characteristics of the portuguese settlers of Angola (gender, age, education level, qualificationlevel, occupation, and emotions). We opted for the use of qualitative method for agreeing Stiles (1993, in Gill, 2000), who arguesthat the purpose of qualitative methods for the condensation of human experience into words isn’t the reduction in its symbolicnumbers. In analyzing the content of these interviews we opted for the analysis of narrative research method that has beenincreasingly used, namely to study specific periods (Farrell, Rosenberg &amp; Rosenberg, 1993, in Zilber et al, 1998), such asmigrations. This project aims to re-interpret and re-think the effects of portuguese diaspora, during and after colonialism periodby giving voice to those who were categorized as returned people. Moreover, this study also aims to take into account thevisions of portuguese writers, in order to consider their perceptions
The Romans as Viewed by Arabic Authors in the 9th and 10th Centuries A.D. Giannakis, Elias
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 No. 10 (2012): Special Issue
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The question whether Muslims of non-Arab origin were culturally superior to the Arab Muslims was hotly debatedwithin the society of the Baghdad Caliphate from the middle of the eighth century A.D. onwards. Various groups that aimed atremoulding the political and social institutions and the direction of the Islamic culture brought in the subject of the characteristicsof the pre-Islamic and the contemporary civilized nations, their virtues and vices as well as their cultural history. It is in thiscontext that Arabic authors present their views about the Romans, their origin, their characteristics, their political and culturalhistory and their connection with other neighbouring nations. Such views are reflected in the works of three distinguishedMuslims authors who lived and wrote in Arabic during the period of the 9th and early 10th century A.D. This study aims atpresenting the views of the chosen three Arabic authors and the arguments they advanced as regards the history and culture ofRomans.
Young People and Trade Unions: New Challenges for a Generational Change Castiglioni, Giovanni
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 No. 10 (2012): Special Issue
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The relationship between young people and trade unions is fundamental for labour organisations because it isincreasingly necessary to re-think their generational change. The article aims to deepen understanding of the new challengesconcerning youth and trade unions by reflecting on the labour organisations’ renewal and analysing how they could involveyoung generations. Trade unions need to establish networks among young people both inside and outside the labourorganisations and, at the same time, deal with young workers in contexts external to the workplace, reaching out to youthgenerations through innovative experiences and new models of aggregative participation. Ultimately, the new tasks that will beimportant to the future of labour organisations include investing in new generations and also accompanying providing themassistance in particular moments of insecurity, such as the transition from school to work or during unemployment; and helpingthem to develop their job skills. The analysis of the essay focuses on how trade unions can apply strategies and policies tosupport initiatives and social proposals that could facilitate young workers’ participation in trade unions.
Expectancy Outcomes and Self-Reported Alcohol Involvement in Educated Albanian Young Adults Melonashi, Erika; Zahaj, Skerdi; Hysi, Greta; Peshkopia, Ridvan
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 No. 10 (2012): Special Issue
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The World Health Organization (2004) has estimated that two billion people worldwide are alcohol consumers. Datafrom Albania indicate that at least 20% of Albanian adults fall into this category and an additional 1.5% of young people arealcohol dependent. Research has shown that people’s beliefs and expectations about the effects of alcohol play a role indrinking behavior. We assessed the role of expectancies on the effects of alcohol as predictors of self-reported involvement indrinking behavior. It was expected that both positive and negative expectancies would predict alcohol involvement, over andabove demographic variables. For the purpose of the study we recruited a non-probabilistic stratified sample of 450 Albanianstudents from three Albanian universities. The measures used were Leigh and Stacy’s Alcohol Outcome Expectancies Scale andMac Neill’s Index of Alcohol Involvement. Regression analyses separately conducted for those classifying themselves asdrinkers vs. nondrinkers. Thus, demographic variables were introduced in the first step, positive expectancies in the second stepand negative expectancies in the third. Results suggested that positive expectancies related to entertainment or sexual behaviorwere significantly explaining alcohol involvement among the drinkers group. On the other hand, only gender was significantlyexplaining drinking behavior among the non-drinkers group. Implications for practice were discussed.

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