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Agromet

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Published by Institut Pertanian Bogor

ISSN : 01263633 EISSN : 2655660X DOI : -

Core Subject : Agriculture,

Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry

Agromet publishes original research articles or reviews that have not been published elsewhere. The scope of publication includes agricultural meteorology/climatology (the relationships between a wide range of agriculture and meteorology/climatology aspects). Articles related to meteorology/climatology and environment (pollution and atmospheric conditions) may be selectively accepted for publication. This journal is published twice a year by Indonesian Association of Agricultural Meteorology (PERHIMPI) in collaboration with Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University.

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Articles 289 Documents

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ESTIMASI NILAI LINGKUNGAN PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT DITINJAU DARI NERACA AIR TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT (STUDI KASUS: PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT DI KECAMATAN DAYUN, KABUPATEN SIAK, PROPINSI RIAU)THE ESTIMATION OF OIL PALM PLANTATION ... Isa Teguh Widodo; Bambang Dwi Dasanto
Agromet Vol. 24 No. 1 (2010): JUNE 2010
Publisher : PERHIMPI (Indonesian Association of Agricultural Meteorology)

Dayun area is one of the centers of oil palm plantation in Siak Regency. State-owned company that develops oil palm plantation in Dayun is PT Perkebunan Nusantara V (PTPN V) which is the first company developing oil palm plantation in Siak Regency. The oil palm plantations cause various effects to the environment; one of them is the decreasing water availability for the water stakeholders. The decreasing water availability causes additional cost to the community. The objectives of this study were to determine the decreasing of water availability which was caused by oil palm plantation, and its cost to meet the needs of water. The study used water balance model by Thornwhite 1957 and Willingness to Pays (WTP) analysis using questionaire of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) in Sawit Permai, Dayun Subdistrict, Siak Regency. The land cover, before and after, affects the water balance which impacts the water availability in Dayun. The decreasing water availability was comparable with the increasing water demand in oil palm plantation, equal to 67 mm/year. Oil palm plantation had greater runoff than that of forest. The need of water in oil palm plantation in Dayun was 42.728 liters/ha/day, with the daily need of a single palm tree equal to 0,012 m3/s. Based on the analysis of debt estimation, there is debt decreasing which indicates the decreasing water availability in Dayun, around 349 m3/s yearly. The estimated value of the environment for oil palm plantation by water resources consumption based on the difference of forest and oil palm plantation during the dry season (JJA) is equal to Rp 7.500.000. Average WTP for the water conservation program is Rp 26.400, with WTP maximum and minimum up to Rp 45.000 and Rp 5.000, respectively. The economic value of water conservation program is Rp 18.850.000/month.Dayun area is one of the centers of oil palm plantation in Siak Regency. State-owned company that develops oil palm plantation in Dayun is PT Perkebunan Nusantara V (PTPN V) which is the first company developing oil palm plantation in Siak Regency. The oil palm plantations cause various effects to the environment; one of them is the decreasing water availability for the water stakeholders. The decreasing water availability causes additional cost to the community. The objectives of this study were to determine the decreasing of water availability which was caused by oil palm plantation, and its cost to meet the needs of water. The study used water balance model by Thornwhite 1957 and Willingness to Pays (WTP) analysis using questionaire of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) in Sawit Permai, Dayun Subdistrict, Siak Regency. The land cover, before and after, affects the water balance which impacts the water availability in Dayun. The decreasing water availability was comparable with the increasing water demand in oil palm plantation, equal to 67 mm/year. Oil palm plantation had greater runoff than that of forest. The need of water in oil palm plantation in Dayun was 42.728 liters/ha/day, with the daily need of a single palm tree equal to 0,012 m3/s. Based on the analysis of debt estimation, there is debt decreasing which indicates the decreasing water availability in Dayun, around 349 m3/s yearly. The estimated value of the environment for oil palm plantation by water resources consumption based on the difference of forest and oil palm plantation during the dry season (JJA) is equal to Rp 7.500.000. Average WTP for the water conservation program is Rp 26.400, with WTP maximum and minimum up to Rp 45.000 and Rp 5.000, respectively. The economic value of water conservation program is Rp 18.850.000/month.

ABOVE GROUND TREES BIOMASS OF LORE LINDU NATIONAL PARK-CENTRAL SULAWESI : A STUDY COMBINING FIELD MEASUREMENT AND REMOTE SENSING Naimatu Solicha; Tania June; M. Ardiansyah; Antonius B. W.
Agromet Vol. 24 No. 1 (2010): JUNE 2010
Publisher : PERHIMPI (Indonesian Association of Agricultural Meteorology)

Forests play an important role in global carbon cycling, since they hold a large pool of carbon as well as potential carbon sinks and sources to the atmosphere. Accurate estimation of forest biomass is required for greenhouse gas inventories and terrestrial carbon accounting. The information on biomass is essential to assess the total and the annual capacity of forest vigor. Estimation of aboveground biomass is necessary for studying productivity, carbon cycles, nutrient allocation, and fuel accumulation in terrestrial ecosystem. The possibility that above ground forest biomass might be determined from space is a promising alternative to ground-based methods. Remote sensing has opened an effective way to estimate forest biomass and carbon. By the combination of data field measurement and allometric equation, the above ground trees biomass possible to be estimated over the large area. The objectives of this research are: (1) To estimate the above ground tree biomass and carbon stock of forest cover in Lore Lindu National Park by combination of field data observation, allometric equation and multispectral satellite image; (2) to find the equation model between parameter that determines the biomass estimation. The analysis showed that field data observation and satellite image classification influencing much on the accuracy of trees biomass and carbon stock estimation. The forest cover type A and B (natural forest with the minor timber extraction) has the higher biomass than C and D (natural forest with the major timber extraction and agro forestry), it is about 607 ton/ha and 603 ton/ha. Forest cover type C is 457 ton/ha. Forest cover type D has the lowest biomass is about 203 ton/ha. Natural forest has high biomass, because of the tropical vegetation trees heterogeneity. Forest cover D has the lowest trees biomass because its vegetation component as secondary forest with the homogeneity of cacao plantation. The forest biomass and carbon estimation for each cover type will be useful for the further equation analysis when using the remote sensing technology for estimating the total biomass and for the economic carbon analysis.Forests play an important role in global carbon cycling, since they hold a large pool of carbon as well as potential carbon sinks and sources to the atmosphere. Accurate estimation of forest biomass is required for greenhouse gas inventories and terrestrial carbon accounting. The information on biomass is essential to assess the total and the annual capacity of forest vigor. Estimation of aboveground biomass is necessary for studying productivity, carbon cycles, nutrient allocation, and fuel accumulation in terrestrial ecosystem. The possibility that above ground forest biomass might be determined from space is a promising alternative to ground-based methods. Remote sensing has opened an effective way to estimate forest biomass and carbon. By the combination of data field measurement and allometric equation, the above ground trees biomass possible to be estimated over the large area. The objectives of this research are: (1) To estimate the above ground tree biomass and carbon stock of forest cover in Lore Lindu National Park by combination of field data observation, allometric equation and multispectral satellite image; (2) to find the equation model between parameter that determines the biomass estimation. The analysis showed that field data observation and satellite image classification influencing much on the accuracy of trees biomass and carbon stock estimation. The forest cover type A and B (natural forest with the minor timber extraction) has the higher biomass than C and D (natural forest with the major timber extraction and agro forestry), it is about 607 ton/ha and 603 ton/ha. Forest cover type C is 457 ton/ha. Forest cover type D has the lowest biomass is about 203 ton/ha. Natural forest has high biomass, because of the tropical vegetation trees heterogeneity. Forest cover D has the lowest trees biomass because its vegetation component as secondary forest with the homogeneity of cacao plantation. The forest biomass and carbon estimation for each cover type will be useful for the further equation analysis when using the remote sensing technology for estimating the total biomass and for the economic carbon analysis.

ANALISIS TREN IKLIM DAN KETERSEDIAAN AIR TANAH DI PALEMBANG, SUMATRA SELATANCLIMATE AND SOIL WATER TRENDS ANALYSIS FOR PALEMBANG REGION, SOUTH SUMATRA Muh Taufik
Agromet Vol. 24 No. 1 (2010): JUNE 2010
Publisher : PERHIMPI (Indonesian Association of Agricultural Meteorology)

Long-term climate trend is being one of greatest research interests amongst climate scientists around the world to see whether climate change occurs or not at local, regional or global scale. However, only a few studies are available that discusses trend of climate extreme in equatorial climate, Indonesia. This paper tries to analyze climate trend and its impact to water availability in Palembang region using daily rainfall and air temperature data for the year of 1984-2009. Trend analysis was performed using Mann-Kendall test at α equal to 5%. We found that daily air temperature indicated that the rise of maximum, average, and minimum temperatures has occurred with statistically significant changes during the observation period. However, daily temperature range did not significantly change. We didn’t find any significant change for rainfall predictors except the number of rainfall event that significantly showed a decrease trend. With a simple water balance, we calculated monthly soil water content indicating that its’ decline was statistically significant (α=5%). With these findings, we have not made a conclusion whether climate change occurred or not yet, until influence of local effect such as urban heat island clearly explained.Long-term climate trend is being one of greatest research interests amongst climate scientists around the world to see whether climate change occurs or not at local, regional or global scale. However, only a few studies are available that discusses trend of climate extreme in equatorial climate, Indonesia. This paper tries to analyze climate trend and its impact to water availability in Palembang region using daily rainfall and air temperature data for the year of 1984-2009. Trend analysis was performed using Mann-Kendall test at α equal to 5%. We found that daily air temperature indicated that the rise of maximum, average, and minimum temperatures has occurred with statistically significant changes during the observation period. However, daily temperature range did not significantly change. We didn't find any significant change for rainfall predictors except the number of rainfall event that significantly showed a decrease trend. With a simple water balance, we calculated monthly soil water content indicating that its' decline was statistically significant (α=5%). With these findings, we have not made a conclusion whether climate change occurred or not yet, until influence of local effect such as urban heat island clearly explained.

PREDICTION OF PLANTING DATE AND GROWING PERIOD USING SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST) ANOMALIES IN NINO 3.4 FOR INDRAMAYU DISTRICT Rini Hidayati; Daniel Naek Chrisendo
Agromet Vol. 24 No. 2 (2010): DECEMBER 2010
Publisher : PERHIMPI (Indonesian Association of Agricultural Meteorology)

Agriculture is a very important sector in Indramayu’s economy. Approximately 53.52% of Indramayu residents are involved in agriculture. Indramayu is a center of rice production in Indonesia. Most of the farmers use a traditional cropping method called Pranata Mangsa, which is based on periodic natural events, but not consider climate variability well. Climate variability has become a major obstacle to achieving a successful harvest, because it can affect the timing of planting and length of the growing season, which leads to drought and flood vulnerability. The planting date and growing season predicted by using monthly sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTa) in Nino 3.4. The August SSTa can describe the planting date better than the growing season, which are demonstrated best in Lohbener with R2 = 45% with forecast skill reach = 84% and 92% for advanced and delayed planting dates. Knowing the planting date and growing season length produce a more effective cropping calendar, which includes details such as when to prepare the land, plant seeds, and harvest. This cropping calendar is expected to reduce the impacts of climate variability by providing a more efficient cropping pattern and avoiding potential harvest failures.Agriculture is a very important sector in Indramayu's economy. Approximately 53.52% of Indramayu residents are involved in agriculture. Indramayu is a center of rice production in Indonesia. Most of the farmers use a traditional cropping method called Pranata Mangsa, which is based on periodic natural events, but not consider climate variability well. Climate variability has become a major obstacle to achieving a successful harvest, because it can affect the timing of planting and length of the growing season, which leads to drought and flood vulnerability. The planting date and growing season predicted by using monthly sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTa) in Nino 3.4. The August SSTa can describe the planting date better than the growing season, which are demonstrated best in Lohbener with R2 = 45% with forecast skill reach = 84% and 92% for advanced and delayed planting dates. Knowing the planting date and growing season length produce a more effective cropping calendar, which includes details such as when to prepare the land, plant seeds, and harvest. This cropping calendar is expected to reduce the impacts of climate variability by providing a more efficient cropping pattern and avoiding potential harvest failures.

ANALISIS PERILAKU INDEKS KEKERINGAN DI WILAYAH RENTAN KEBAKARAN, SUMATRA SELATANBEHAVIOR ANALYSIS OF DROUGHT INDEX IN FIRE-PRONE REGION OF SOUTH SUMATRA Muh Taufik
Agromet Vol. 24 No. 2 (2010): DECEMBER 2010
Publisher : PERHIMPI (Indonesian Association of Agricultural Meteorology)

Climate dynamics has a vital role in changing upper soil moisture that influences drought period and occurence especially for fire-prone region in South Sumatra Indonesia. Drought occurrence causes abundant dry fuel being available at peat forest ecosystem that might rise of fire risk and danger in the region. Using daily maximum air temperature and rainfall data for period of 1984-2009, we calculated daily Keetch-Byram drought index (KBDI) as an index for assessing fire danger potential. The index was gropued into three categories comprising low, moderate, and high fire danger levels. Temporally, we found that fire danger level at the study area site are able to be grouped as follows: period of December to April was categorized low, period of July to October as high, and the remaining months as moderate. El Nino event had a severe influence on the severity and the duration of high KBDI that occurred until the end of November which normally a rainy season. Other finding is that there was a significant change (α=5%) on the rise of annual high KBDI frequency and average KBDI for period of 1984-2009, conversely frequency of rainy days decreased significantly. Information about when KBDI level reach high fire danger is of important for forest fire mangament in the region.Climate dynamics has a vital role in changing upper soil moisture that influences drought period and occurence especially for fire-prone region in South Sumatra Indonesia. Drought occurrence causes abundant dry fuel being available at peat forest ecosystem that might rise of fire risk and danger in the region. Using daily maximum air temperature and rainfall data for period of 1984-2009, we calculated daily Keetch-Byram drought index (KBDI) as an index for assessing fire danger potential. The index was gropued into three categories comprising low, moderate, and high fire danger levels. Temporally, we found that fire danger level at the study area site are able to be grouped as follows: period of December to April was categorized low, period of July to October as high, and the remaining months as moderate. El Nino event had a severe influence on the severity and the duration of high KBDI that occurred until the end of November which normally a rainy season. Other finding is that there was a significant change (α=5%) on the rise of annual high KBDI frequency and average KBDI for period of 1984-2009, conversely frequency of rainy days decreased significantly. Information about when KBDI level reach high fire danger is of important for forest fire mangament in the region.

MODEL PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DAN PENDUGAAN CADANGAN KARBON DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI CISADANE, JAWA BARATLANDUSE CHANGE MODEL AND CARBON STOCK ESTIMATION IN CISADANE WATERSHED, WEST JAVA Antonio Alberto; Bambang Dwi Dasanto
Agromet Vol. 24 No. 2 (2010): DECEMBER 2010
Publisher : PERHIMPI (Indonesian Association of Agricultural Meteorology)

Land use and land cover in Cisadane Watershed are very vulnerable to switch over, which is caused by the high rate of population growth. Land use and land cover change cause the carbon stock changes. These changes were analysed using the logistic regression models, and in this analysis we used land use maps in 2001 and 2006. As many as 44 regression equations were developed with various values of determination coefficient (R2); 14% of the R2 was less than 0.50, 29% was between 0.50 and 0.75, and 57% is than 0.75. Statistically, there were 31 equations suitable to generate landuse map in 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2025. The amount of carbon stocks in Cisadane Watershed until the year 2025 tend to decrease, so the sum of carbon emissions in the atmosphere increased. This was mainly due to conversion of forest area into other landuse types. Land use and land cover in Cisadane Watershed are very vulnerable to switch over, which is caused by the high rate of population growth. Land use and land cover change cause the carbon stock changes. These changes were analysed using the logistic regression models, and in this analysis we used land use maps in 2001 and 2006. As many as 44 regression equations were developed with various values of determination coefficient (R2); 14% of the R2 was less than 0.50, 29% was between 0.50 and 0.75, and 57% is than 0.75. Statistically, there were 31 equations suitable to generate landuse map in 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2025. The amount of carbon stocks in Cisadane Watershed until the year 2025 tend to decrease, so the sum of carbon emissions in the atmosphere increased. This was mainly due to conversion of forest area into other landuse types.

KOEFISIEN PEMADAMAN TAJUK DAN EFISIENSI PENGGUNAAN RADIASI SURYA PADA TANAMAN KENTANG (Solanum tuberosum L.) VARIETAS GRANOLA DI GALUDRA, CIANJUR, JAWA BARATCANOPY EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT AND SOLAR RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY... I. Handoko; Titik Kodarsih; A. Ariyani
Agromet Vol. 24 No. 2 (2010): DECEMBER 2010
Publisher : PERHIMPI (Indonesian Association of Agricultural Meteorology)

Important climatic factor affecting growth of potato crop other than temperature is the availability of solar energi. Growth of the crop can be predicted from the amount of intercepted solar radiation by crop canopy, however, climatological station only measures incoming solar radiation above crop canopy (Qo). This experiment aims to derive parameter of canopy extinction coefficient (k) that is required to calculate intercepted radiation based on Qo; and parameter of radiation-use efficiency (ε) to calculate crop biomass based on that intercepted radiation. This research found the value of k increasing from k=0.15 to k=0.50 associated with increasing LAI from 0.98 to 1.98. Solar radiation use efficiencies that were calculated based on above-ground biomass (AGB) and total biomass (AGB+tuber) are respectly εand εTotal=4,49 g MJ-1. Important climatic factor affecting growth of potato crop other than temperature is the availability of solar energi. Growth of the crop can be predicted from the amount of intercepted solar radiation by crop canopy, however, climatological station only measures incoming solar radiation above crop canopy (Qo). This experiment aims to derive parameter of canopy extinction coefficient (k) that is required to calculate intercepted radiation based on Qo; and parameter of radiation-use efficiency (ε) to calculate crop biomass based on that intercepted radiation. This research found the value of k increasing from k=0.15 to k=0.50 associated with increasing LAI from 0.98 to 1.98. Solar radiation use efficiencies that were calculated based on above-ground biomass (AGB) and total biomass (AGB+tuber) are respectly εand εTotal=4,49 g MJ-1.

CAPACITY OF INDONESIAN FOREST AS CO2 SINK: COMPARING AN INTACT PRIMARY FOREST OF LORE LINDU NATIONAL PARK CENTRAL SULAWESI WITH DEGRADED AND DRAINED PEATLAND FOREST IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN Tania June
Agromet Vol. 24 No. 2 (2010): DECEMBER 2010
Publisher : PERHIMPI (Indonesian Association of Agricultural Meteorology)

This article compares the capacity of undisturbed tropical forest in absorbing COand acts as a net sink with the disturbed (drained) peatland forest acting as a net source. Undisturbed forest of Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP) absorbs substantial amount of CO22 with low ecosystem respiration resulted in a net absorbtion reaching -970 gCm-2 year-1. Data from a disturbed peatland forest in Central Kalimantan shows that although absorption was higher than the LLNP area ecosystem respiration of this drained peatland resulted in a big net emission reaching 447 gCm-2 year-1. Recovery of the hydrological system of the area, reduced emission substantially.This article compares the capacity of undisturbed tropical forest in absorbing COand acts as a net sink with the disturbed (drained) peatland forest acting as a net source. Undisturbed forest of Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP) absorbs substantial amount of CO22 with low ecosystem respiration resulted in a net absorbtion reaching -970 gCm-2 year-1. Data from a disturbed peatland forest in Central Kalimantan shows that although absorption was higher than the LLNP area ecosystem respiration of this drained peatland resulted in a big net emission reaching 447 gCm-2 year-1. Recovery of the hydrological system of the area, reduced emission substantially.

KAJIAN KESESUAIAN LAHAN TANAMAN CENGKEH (Eugenia aromatica L.) BERDASARKAN ASPEK AGROKLIMAT DAN KELAYAKAN EKONOMI (Studi kasus Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan)CROP LAND SUITABILITY FOR CLOVE (Eugenia aromatica L.)... Anisa Isnaeni; Yon Sugiarto
Agromet Vol. 24 No. 2 (2010): DECEMBER 2010
Publisher : PERHIMPI (Indonesian Association of Agricultural Meteorology)

Indonesian plantations are increasingly expanding and making progress so as to support the government programs in Indonesia Agricultural development is necessary, especially the plantation area of clove plantations which have many benefits and uses for the community.The aims of this study is to find out the suitability of the clove crop land in South Sulawesi province and the level of effectiveness in investing land. Methodology used is based on suitability area for agroclimate parameters and economical feasibility.The results of analysis shown that South Sulawesi Provinve are potential for extension based on the suitability of clove plants Agro-climate and the closure of its land in the amount of 26.743 km2.There are three land suitability classes, highly suitable areas or S1 (1.897 km2), moderately suitable areas or S2 (23.120 km) and marginally suitable areas or S3 (990 km2). In addition, the region still has the potential areas of land for plantation development is a form of forest land with an area of 8.694 km2.These three land suitabilitieshave feasibility of investment net profit in the S1 field with the present value of Rp 26.841.000/ha, 30,1% IRR, and BCR of 2,16.Net profit in the land S2 is Rp 16.864.000/ha, 24% IRR, and BCR of 1,73%, while net profit on the land S3 is Rp 2.723.000/ha.Areas of land which became the main development priorities with highprioritylandpresentinsixdistrictsnamelyWajo,Jeneponto,Sinjai,Bulukumba,Barru,andBoneIndonesian plantations are increasingly expanding and making progress so as to support the government programs in Indonesia Agricultural development is necessary, especially the plantation area of clove plantations which have many benefits and uses for the community.The aims of this study is to find out the suitability of the clove crop land in South Sulawesi province and the level of effectiveness in investing land. Methodology used is based on suitability area for agroclimate parameters and economical feasibility.The results of analysis shown that South Sulawesi Provinve are potential for extension based on the suitability of clove plants Agro-climate and the closure of its land in the amount of 26.743 km2.There are three land suitability classes, highly suitable areas or S1 (1.897 km2), moderately suitable areas or S2 (23.120 km) and marginally suitable areas or S3 (990 km2). In addition, the region still has the potential areas of land for plantation development is a form of forest land with an area of 8.694 km2.These three land suitabilitieshave feasibility of investment net profit in the S1 field with the present value of Rp 26.841.000/ha, 30,1% IRR, and BCR of 2,16.Net profit in the land S2 is Rp 16.864.000/ha, 24% IRR, and BCR of 1,73%, while net profit on the land S3 is Rp 2.723.000/ha.Areas of land which became the main development priorities with highprioritylandpresentinsixdistrictsnamelyWajo,Jeneponto,Sinjai,Bulukumba,Barru,andBone

HUBUNGAN IKLIM MIKRO DAN BAHAN ORGANIK TANAH DENGAN EMISI CO2 DARI PERMUKAAN TANAH DI HUTAN ALAM BABAHALEKA TAMAN NASIONAL LORE LINDU, SULAWESI TENGAHEFFECT OF MICROCLIMATE AND SOIL ORGANIC MATTER ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER ON SOIL... Ade Irawan; Tania June
Agromet Vol. 25 No. 1 (2011): JUNE 2011
Publisher : PERHIMPI (Indonesian Association of Agricultural Meteorology)

Soil respiration and rate of CO2 emission is determined by its temperature and its organic matter. Canopy opening of a pristine forest affect the amount of radiation energy that are able to go down the canopy and determine the microclimate variability at the forest floor and rate of CO2 emission. This resesarch was conducted at Babahaleka Forest Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi and supported under the cooperation of IPB-STORMA (Stability of Rainforest Margin) project, with an objective to determine the effect of soil temperature as a consequence of different level of canopy opening (and incoming radiation) on CO2 emission from soil respiration process. Soil CO2 emission was measured through CO2 gas sampling using a closed chamber method and analyzed using CO2 gas analyzer. Measurement of soil temperature, air temperature, relative humidity and soil organic matter were conducted at each CO2 gas sampling sites for further analysis of correlation between them. It was shown that soil temperature and soil surface temperature, soil moisture and air temperature affected soil respiration and CO2 emission from the soil surface. Average soil surface CO2 fluxes was 299.15 mgCO2m-2h-1, with fluxes from more open canopy cover was higher than that from a closed canopy cover, 329.33-375.77 mgCO2m-2h-1 and 209.24-304.18 mgCO2m-2h-1 respectively.

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